Industrial Psychology - Relationship of Leadership,...

How Leadership Styles Affect Productivity By E. Brown There are 4 primary leadership styles, many of which you can find within most businesses or organizations around the world. These styles are: Dictatorial, Authoritative, Consultative, and Participative. Each of the leadership styles have impact on reforming and/or creating company culture. There are short and long-term affects of each style. For instance, the authoritative style may produce great results in a short amount of time. However, excessive use of authority will decrease productivity in the long-term. People either get fed up and leave or fall into a malaise of hum-drum repetitive tasks without creativity and innovation. All the while, a participative style will be unproductive†¦show more content†¦You dont have any control over outside influences. You are going to face the implementation of an unpopular change in the norm. Somebody is going to dictate a new policy or procedure. While you cant control the outside influence you can control your units interpretation of it. Minor changes are fairly simply. Introduce the new policy or procedure, provide your employees with as much background on why the change is necessary, train them and then follow-up with praise or sanction. Larger or dramatic changes are more difficult. As with smaller changes to the norm, you must first seek clarity. Find out as much as you can why the change is necessary. Make sure you know as much as possible. I am always honest with my people. When I dont like something or think a change is going to be difficult I admit it. As a follower, I have sat through too many gratuitous roll calls where the sergeant or l ieutenant is giving us happy talk. I recommend you say something like, I dont like this anymore than you do. But, this is how we are going to do it. This admission is actually an emphasis of the norm of obedience to orders and the value of you place on it. After you have made this admission, adopt the new norm and place the appropriate value on it. Dont undermine yourself or your organization by rolling your eyes or somehow expressing that you dont believe the new change should be implemented. As with the minor change,Show MoreRelatedImproving an Organizations Relations with the Zone of Industrial/Organization Psychology1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe zone of industrial/organizational psychology that deals with the selection and evaluation of personnel, and other job aspects such as morale, satisfaction, and relationships between managers and workers in the workplace. Personnel psychology is a sub division of industrial psychology which deals with selection and evaluation of personnel. It also looks into other job parts such as morale, satisfaction, and relationships between managers and workers in the workplace.( Bovee, 1992, p. 7) The mainRead MoreJob Outlook Report1675 Words   |  7 Pageswhere he held jobs as a writer, English teacher, and became a partner in a printing company. Then in 1907, still not finding his calling in life he went back to school to pursue degrees in philosophy and psychology under (Sir) William Mitchell, where he would win the Robby Fletcher Prize in psychology and graduated with honors. Following his last stint of education Mayo, became foundation lecturer in mental and moral philosophy at the University of Queensland and shortly after married his wife DorotheaRead MoreOrganizational Leadership as Correlate of Absenteeism at Work Station1724 Words   |  7 PagesORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP AS CORRELATE OF ABSENTEEISM AT WORK STATION INTRODUCTION All organizations, be it business, educational or government are social systems. These are run by people, Example: Industrial organization, is a combination of men, money, machinery, material and management. The functioning of an organization depends upon how people work or behave in the organization. The scientific management came into existence to focus on behavioural aspects of management. Failure of scientificRead MoreToday, Hr Issues Such as Low Employee Morale, Absenteeism and High Turnover Rate Are Challenging for Organisations and Hr Managers.3669 Words   |  15 PagesToday, HR issues such as low employee morale, absenteeism and high turnover rate are challenging for organisations and HR managers. Introduction As organisations have developed to suit and cater for an increasingly competitive marketplace, so too have the ideas and notions of job satisfaction. In fact, these ideas and notions have developed to such an extent through both theoretical and empirical means that it has now become the most important application of human resource management withinRead MorePancontinental Airways Case Study1629 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is described in diverse ways. It is known as a complex and contextual social process, formed with the values, knowledge, skills and ways of thinking together of both leaders and followers. (Gallos, 2014) As leaders, they are the decision makers of the company’ culture and have more authority than followers. (Brown Trevià ±o 2006) Followers can be subordinates or stakeholders. In this case study, we can see much interaction between the leader in Pancontinental Airways- MD, Henry CallahanRead MoreOrganizational Leadership And Human Resource Management1000 Words   |  4 Pagescontrolling large and complex decision-making processes. Management is concerned in the key areas of: administration, problem solving, organisational leadership and human resource management. Management decision-making has traditionally been based on objectives such as sales, costs, efficiency and benefits. However changing patterns of employer-employee relationships have led to new concepts. Thus focusing on the experience of all stakeholders, as well as the objective measurement. The affective influenceRead MoreHuman Relation School1372 Words   |  6 Pagesenlightened paternalism that they offered was attractive to many in management, particularly those who saw it as a continuation of the comradeship of First World War. At the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr C. S. Myers FRS, the Director until 1931, promoted empirical studies of industrial fatigue in particular, and employee problems in general. The inevitable professional body appeared, initially with the support of the ubiquitous cocoa manufacturers, who were so active in promotingRead MoreBiography Of Frederick Taylor And Henri Fayol s Theory Of Knowledge And Expertise2466 Words   |  10 Pagesother people to achieve goals in a changing environment, coordinating the efficient and effective use of limited resources (Chapman 2005, p. 252). One of the managerial functions crucial to achieving the objectives of the business is leadership, where poor leadership can result in drastic outcomes for the company (Waddell, Jones George 2013, p.7). This essay explores the theories behind what has evolved into contemporary management (Chapman 2005, p.252) with a key focus on the work of Mary FollettRead MoreThe Implication of Hawthorn e Study in 21st Century4408 Words   |  18 Pages and wasted human resources. These concerns lead a number of researchers to examine the discrepancy between how an organisation was supposed to work versus how the workers actually behaved. In addition, factors like World War I, developments in psychology (e.g. Freud) and later the depression, all brought into question some of the basic assumptions of the Scientific Management School. One of the primary critics of the time, Elton Mayo, claimed that this ‘alienation’ stemmed from the breakdown ofRead MoreArgument of Hr1723 Words   |  7 PagesThese activities include the development of corporate human resources strategy, the recruitment and selection of staff, training and development of staff, performance management, compensation management, management of employee mobility, employee relationship management, employee safety and health management. In other words, enterprises apply modern management methods to implement a series of activities which are the planning, organization, command, control and coordination of human resources (selection)

A Modern Black Arts Movement through the Instrument of...

A Modern Black Arts Movement through the Instrument of Hip-Hop Since the decade of 1920, America has been the setting for a progressive Black Arts Movement. This African-American cultural movement has taken shape in various genres, gaining mass appeal, through multiple capitalistic markets. Even with the use of capitalism this cultural arts movement has stayed set upon its original purpose and direction, by aiding in cultural identity awareness. The knowledge of the duel-self through community awareness as it pertains to economic perceptions and other social boundaries or the metaphysical-self; what W.E.B. Du Bois coined as twoness, or a division of one’s own identity as a African-American. (Reuben 2) A realization of the†¦show more content†¦This obstruction of expression resulted in the birth of bourgeoisie poetry known as rap (hip-hop sub-genre) created by the hip-hop cultural movement of the 1970’s. A movement with idealistic roots linked to the cultural awareness of the 1920’s Harlem Renaissance and the cultura l preservation and unification of the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement. Nevertheless, the hip-hop genre is another outlet of Black Cultural Art redefining cultural perception through urban expression, relying on traditional African-American Art aesthetics. The hip-hop cultural movement has been divided into four categories: the 1970’s discovery of turntable sampling and the emergence of Rapper’s Delight from The Sugar Hill Gang; The Old School defined by Run-D.M.C.; The 1980’s Rapper’s of Social Realism dealing with the identification of racial issues within the urban lifestyle, expressed in lyrics by rappers such as Ice-T, Rakim, N.W.A. and LL Cool J; The present day commercial hip-hop centered around monopolized record labels sacrificing art for the benefit of commercial revenue, such as No Limit Records. The hip-hop movement originated as an urban impulse using various elements of performance art to discover a cultural identity, which was usually deemed unacceptable by law enforcement officers. The culture adopted an outlaw image through graffiti art, breakdancing and DJ’s mixing samples at public party performances. The two mostShow MoreRelatedEssay about Hip-Hop1452 Words   |  6 PagesHip-Hop When you hear the phase Hip-Hop what do you think of? Music, Dancing, Rapping? Well, its all of that and more hip-hop is a culture. According to Websters dictionary, culture is defined as the concepts, habits, skills, arts, instruments, institutions, etc. of a given people in a given period; civilization. One artist defined hip-hop as a set of expressions in vocalization, instrumentation, dancing and the visual arts. More specifically, hip hop is a combination of graffiti, breakdancingRead MoreHip Hop And Its Influence On The Culture Essay2067 Words   |  9 PagesHip hop is one of the most prominent component in life and culture today. Today, it is often affiliated as being a musical genre and style that is debatably the leading factor in music today. But hip hop is far more than that. It is a culture and a way life. It has helped form most what we know today. It has greatly influenced many ways that we choose to define ourselves. Clothing styles, all forms of art media, storytell ing, and many other canvases that we typically use in our everyday life hasRead MoreThe Cultural Impact Of Hip Hop1520 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cultural Impact of Hip-Hop Hip-Hop is often mistaken solely as a genre or style of music, but it is more than that, it is an entire cultural movement born out of the ghettos of america where underprivileged and impoverished youth created a culture that would take not only America but the entire world by storm. Many people think of Hip-Hop as a historical phenomena that was created through a capitalistic economic system and a very racist government that was trying its best to segregate and oppressRead MoreEssay on African American Vernacular1823 Words   |  8 Pagesblues, and hip-hop, most Americans do not realize that they are the essential components to the evolution of African American Vernacular Literature. In fact, it is the key factor that brought African American culture into the limelight in America. Since the first black peoples in America were slaves, and were not allowed to read or write, the African American Vernacular Traditions began as completely oral communications in the form of church song s, blues, jazz, rhythm and blues, and hip hop. The AfricanRead MoreHistory of Jamaican Music1268 Words   |  6 Pagescountry has produced many famous artists including sculptor and painter Edna Manley, painter Albert Huie and also the self-taught artist Kapo. (Cultural Attraction Tour in American (2010).) The religion of Rastafarianism grew out of the teachings of black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey and the 1930 crowning of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. Early forms of Rastafarianism used Baptist hymnals in religious ceremonies. In the slums of West Kingston, the Rastafarians adopted African-influenced burruRead MoreDance Paper1652 Words   |  7 PagesDance Paper ARTS/100 February 28, 2011 Dance Paper Dance is used as a form of expressing how you feel through the movement of your body through music. Through the different styles of dancing, it can be slow paced, fast paced, mellow, seductive, fun and enjoyable at the same time. The different styles discussed in this paper will show that jazz, ballet, folk, ritual and modern dance are different but similar. Whatever style of dance you choose they all have repetition, form and rhythmRead MoreMusic During The 1920 S1609 Words   |  7 PagesMusic in the 1920’s The Jazz Age was a cultural movement that took place in America during the 1920 s (also known as the Roaring Twenties) from which both jazz music and dance emerged. This movement matched with both the equally phenomenal introduction of mainstream radio and the conclusion of World War I. The 1920s was the decade that marked the beginning of the modern music era. Some of the popular music genres were Jazz, Dance Bands, Blues, and Broadway. The decade marked the beginning ofRead MoreBlack Men Can’t Rock? Towards an Understanding of The Lack of Black Men in Rock Music2211 Words   |  9 Pagesto a secret venue, taken through the back door and into the stalls just in time for a show to begin. It’s unlikely I know, but stick with me. The stage is empty, the lights are dimmed and you can just about make out some instruments on the stage. Four men make their way from the side of the stage; they’re black, maybe mid-twenties and dressed in jeans and t-shirt. Before they play a note or even pick up an instrument what genre of music do you expect them to play? Hip Hop? RB)? Maybe, without theRead MoreThe Influence of Gospel Music Essay2325 Words   |  10 Pagesinspiration to go through life. From the times of slavery, spiritual hymns, known as gospel music today, expresses the emotion for the African Americans. Many American slave owners did not allow Africans to use instruments nor could they play or sing in their native music. Gradually, the music of Africans has been lost with much of the words and melodies and misplaced in North America. Ever since their musical inherited link has been banned, this created a new African American style. The black slaves createdRead MoreDilemmas Facing the People of Norway Today Essay examples1728 Words   |  7 Pageswith the EU that allows them to work together without necessarily becoming one. Together, the countries of the EFTA and the EU make up the European Economic Area (EEA). This group allows for the following four freedoms, the movement of goods, services, persons and capital through the 30 member states. As well as allowing for the aforementioned freedoms, the EEA has agreed to cooperate with each other with â€Å"†¦ research and development, education, social policy, the environment, consumer protection, tourism

Learn About the Causes and Effects of Smog

Smog is a mixture of air pollutants—nitrogen oxides  and volatile organic compounds—that combine with sunlight to form  ozone. Ozone can be beneficial or harmful, good or bad, depending on its location. Ozone in the stratosphere, high above the Earth, acts as a barrier that protects human health and the environment from excessive amounts of solar ultraviolet radiation. This is the good kind of ozone. On the other hand, ground-level ozone, trapped near the ground by heat inversions or other weather conditions, is what causes the respiratory distress and burning eyes associated with smog. How Did Smog Get Its Name? The term smog was first used in London during the early 1900s to describe the combination of smoke and fog that often blanketed the city. According to several sources, the term was first coined by Dr. Henry Antoine des Voeux in his paper, â€Å"Fog and Smoke,† which he presented at a meeting of the Public Health Congress in July 1905. The type of smog described by Dr. des Voeux was a combination of smoke and sulfur dioxide, which resulted from the heavy use of  coal to heat homes  and businesses and to run factories in Victorian England. When we talk about smog today, we’re referring to a more complex mixture of various air pollutants—nitrogen oxides and other chemical compounds—that interact with sunlight to form ground-level  ozone  that hangs like a heavy haze over many cities in industrialized countries. What Causes Smog? Smog is produced by a set of complex photochemical reactions involving  volatile organic compounds  (VOCs),  nitrogen oxides  and sunlight, which form ground-level  ozone. Smog-forming pollutants come from many sources such as automobile exhaust, power plants, factories, and many consumer products, including paint, hairspray, charcoal starter fluid, chemical solvents, and even plastic popcorn packaging. In typical urban areas, at least half of the smog precursors come from cars, buses, trucks, and boats. Major smog occurrences often are linked to heavy motor vehicle traffic, high temperatures, sunshine, and calm winds. Weather and geography affect the location and severity of smog. Because temperature regulates the length of time it takes for smog to form, smog can occur more quickly and be more severe on a hot, sunny day. When  temperature inversions  occur (that is, when warm air stays near the ground instead of rising) and the wind is calm, smog may remain trapped  over a city for days. As traffic and other sources add more pollutants to the air, the  smog  gets worse. This situation occurs frequently in Salt Lake City, Utah. Ironically, smog is often more severe farther away from the sources of pollution, because the  chemical reactions  that cause smog take place in the atmosphere while pollutants are drifting on the wind. Where Does Smog Occur? Severe smog and ground-level  ozone  problems exist in many major cities around the world, from Mexico City to Beijing, and a recent, well-publicized event in Delhi, India. In the United States, smog affects much of California, from San Francisco to San Diego, the mid-Atlantic seaboard from Washington, DC, to southern Maine, and major cities in the South and Midwest. To varying degrees, the majority of U.S. cities with populations of 250,000 or more have experienced problems with smog and ground-level ozone. According to some studies, more than half of all U.S. residents live in areas where the smog is so bad that pollution levels routinely exceed safety standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). What Are the Effects of Smog? Smog is made up of a  combination of air pollutants  that can compromise human health, harm the environment, and even cause property damage. Smog can cause or aggravate health problems such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis and other respiratory problems as well as eye irritation and reduced resistance to colds and lung infections. The  ozone  in smog also inhibits plant growth and can cause widespread damage to crops and forests. Who Is Most at Risk From Smog? Anyone who engages in strenuous outdoor activity—from jogging to manual labor—may suffer smog-related health effects. Physical activity causes people to breathe faster and more deeply, exposing their lungs to more  ozone  and other pollutants. Four groups of people are particularly sensitive to ozone and other air pollutants in smog: Children—Active children run the highest risks from exposure to smog, as children spend a lot of time playing outside. As a group, children are also more prone to asthma—the most common chronic disease for children—and other respiratory ailments than adults.Adults who are active outdoors—Healthy adults of any age who exercise or work outdoors are considered at higher risk from smog.People with respiratory diseases—People with asthma or other chronic respiratory diseases are more sensitive and vulnerable to the effects of ozone. Typically, they will experience adverse effects sooner and at lower levels of exposure than those who are less sensitive.People with unusual susceptibility to ozone—Some otherwise healthy people are simply more sensitive to the pollutants in smog than other people and may experience more adverse health effects from exposure. Elderly people are often warned to stay indoors on heavy smog days. Elderly people are probably not at increased risk of adverse health effects from smog because of their age. Like any other adults, however, elderly people will be at higher risk from exposure to smog if they already suffer from respiratory diseases, are active outdoors, or are unusually susceptible to ozone. How Can You Recognize or Detect Smog Where You Live?   Generally speaking, you will know smog when you see it. Smog is a visible form of air pollution that often appears as a thick haze. Look toward the horizon during daylight hours, and you can see how much smog is in the air. High concentrations of nitrogen oxides will often give the air a brownish tint. In addition, most cities now measure the concentration of pollutants in the air and provide public reports—often published in newspapers and broadcast on local radio and television stations—when smog reaches potentially unsafe levels. The EPA has developed the  Air Quality Index  (AQI) (formerly known as the Pollutant Standards Index) for reporting concentrations of ground-level ozone and other common air pollutants. Air quality is measured by a nationwide monitoring system that records concentrations of ground-level  ozone  and several other air pollutants at more than a thousand locations across the United States. The EPA then interprets that data according to the standard AQI index, which ranges from zero to 500. The higher the AQI value for a specific pollutant, the greater the danger to public health and the environment.

Statement of Purpose for a Masters Degree in Computer...

My decision to undertake a master’s degree stems from my aspiration to have greater knowledge about Computer Science, an avid interest in the field of Software Engineering and a stimulating research environment present at the University of Pennsylvania. By pursuing a graduate degree, I will be able to strengthen my knowledge base and also further my career prospects. One of the greatest discoveries in the past few decades has been the Internet. It has revolutionised how we live, made distance an irrelevant factor and turned the world into a global village. When I was young, my use of internet was limited to text chats and browsing for academic research. Over time, I have seen internet evolve - from a static interconnection of web pages to the complex entity that it is today. A desire to contribute to this ever expanding information highway led me to choose Information Technology as my major in my undergraduate studies. The rapid evolution in computer systems - both at hardware software levels has allowed us to develop complex applications composed of millions of lines of code. This increase in complexity of software has necessitated that software developers ensure programs be of high quality, be developed within time meet its specification. It was during college that I developed an interest in Software Engineering as a scientific discipline of developing applications. I became aware of the different software development methodologies and the various stages inShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose to Pursue My Masters Degree in Computer Science750 Words   |  3 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE I completed my bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Anna University, a premier University in India. There is a saying, which says, â€Å"The only thing permanent in life is change†. This perfectly holds true in the world of Computer Engineering where novel ideas are not a novelty. It is this novelty that entices me to this field and gives me a deep sense of professional pride. In this context, I would like to pursue my graduation in computer engineeringRead MoreStatement of Purpose for Master ´s Degree in Computer Science866 Words   |  3 PagesStatement of Purpose I am applying to Virginia Tech for admission to the Masters program in Computer Science. The motivation to pursue graduate studies has developed after carefully considering my academic background, field of interest and the aspiration to work in a research oriented environment. I am interested in the field of Software Engineering and related areas, particularly in the advancement of large software systems. It had really intrigued me to see how computing has revolutionizedRead MoreMy Statement of Purpose: Financial Engineering677 Words   |  3 PagesStatement of Purpose Financial Engineering Introduction Using algorithms to simplify and solve complex business problems while also creating software applications that scale to the most complex, large scale enterprises is a passion that drove me to excel in computer science. The many interrelated systems, databases and applications gave me insight into how even the most intricate, highly dependent systems could be streamlined and aligned to challenging goals. As I continue to master and putRead MoreI Want to Major in Computer Science665 Words   |  3 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE Now a Day, Computers are to be considered as the eighth wonder of the world. Computers have become essential in every field such as Communication, Database Systems, Banking, Robotics, Medicine, Automobiles etc. I think it’s fair to say that Computers have become most empowering tool we’ve ever created. They’re tools of communication, they’re tools of creativity and they can be shaped by their user (Bill Gates). The development of Software industry has brought the world to anRead MoreApplying for the University of Texas for a Master in Science of Computers850 Words   |  4 Pages Statement of Purpose I am applying to University of Texas at Dallas to pursue Master of Science program in Computer Science with special reference to Operating Systems and Computer Architecture. Ten years from now, I envisage myself as research professional in an organization or a faculty at one of the leading university. Ultimately, my objective is to seek Ph.D. Degree. 21st century is harbinger for major transition in terms of information technology industry for India. I have seenRead MoreWhy I Chose Sullivan University For My Masters813 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of Purpose After working for a few years in the IT industry, it was time when I took a step further to improve my skills. I really enjoy working with computers and now I want to add a touch of management to skills. MS in Managing Information Technology will help me attain the skill set I am looking for to help my career reach new heights. I understood the real essence of this field during my work experience at Cerner Corporation where we had to deal with huge amount of data and informationRead MoreStatement of Purpose1694 Words   |  7 PagesStatement of Purpose Name : Sphoorti Sangamesh Biradar Program Applied : Masters (MS) Major : Sports Management About me: I am very thankful for providing me this opportunity and it is with sincere sense of gratification that I pen down my brief statement of purpose before you. I am Sphoorti Sangamesh Biradar, 21 years old. I am studying B. Computer Science engineering final year in the reputed university Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) at college Sir.M.Visvesvaraya InstituteRead MoreMaster Of Science : Information Science And Technology Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of Purpose Name: Sujit Subhash Program: Master of Science in Information Science and Technology I am applying for the Master of Science in Information Science and Technology program at the Missouri University of Science and Technology as I believe this program will give me the strongest foundation and skills to one day drive my entrepreneurial endeavors. In the technological age that we live in, the next great idea is just around the corner. This program will help me develop not justRead MoreI Admire My Physics Teacher890 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of purpose First year in mid-school was the first time that I encountered Physics. It was a NODET (National Organization for Developing Exceptional Talents) school, so most of my teachers in different courses were the best of city. I admire my Physics teacher the most, since he supported me to build a new bond with science in general. Thus I became outstanding in this field and always was one of the bests in the school. I even once ranked 4th on an internal NODET exam, a competence withRead MoreStatement Of Purpose In this ever-changing world of Engineering and Technology, where each new day700 Words   |  3 PagesStatement Of Purpose In this ever-changing world of Engineering and Technology, where each new day sees a rush of new concepts and applications, the person who has an insatiable thirst for knowledge and passion for learning things emerges as the winner.Having worked in an environment where customer’s problems are identified and converted into technology solutions, I would like to pursue my masters in Computer Science, where I could enhance my technical skills further and get an insight into core

Privatization vs Public Sector Free Essays

What is privatization? It is the process of transferring ownership of a  business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the  public sector  (a government) to the  private sector, either to a business that operates for a profit or to a  non-profit organization. The term can also mean government outsourcing  of services or functions to private firms, What is public sector undertaking? In India, public sector undertaking (PSU) is a term used for a government-owned corporation (company in the public sector). From my point of view, privatization is going to be a remedy for the financial ailments of our public sector undertaking. We will write a custom essay sample on Privatization vs Public Sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now Let’s discuss some factors about these two types of organizations. 1. Performance. Public sector undertaking tends to be  bureaucratic. A political government may only be motivated to improve a function when its poor performance becomes politically sensitive. 2. Increased efficiency. Private companies and firms have a greater incentive to produce more  goods and services  for the sake of reaching  customer satisfaction  and hence increasing profits. A public organization would not be as productive due to the lack of financing allocated by the entire government’s budget that must consider other areas of the economy. . Specialization. A private  business  has the ability to focus all relevant human and financial resources onto specific functions. A public sector undertaking does not have the necessary resources to  specialize  its goods and services as a result of the general products provided to the greatest number of people in the  population. 4. Cor ruption. A public sector undertaking is prone to  corruption; decisions are made primarily for political reasons, personal gain of the decision-maker, rather than economic ones. Corruption in a public sector undertaking affects the ongoing asset stream and company performance, whereas any corruption that may occur during the privatization process is a one-time event and does not affect ongoing cash flow or performance of the company. 5. Accountability. Managers of privately owned companies are accountable to their owners/shareholders and to the consumer, and can only exist and thrive where needs are met. Managers of publicly owned companies are required to be more accountable to the broader community and to political â€Å"stakeholders†. This can reduce their ability to directly and specifically serve the needs of their customers, and can bias investment decisions away from otherwise profitable areas. 6. Goals. A political government tends to run an industry or company for  political  goals rather than  economic  ones. 7. Capital. Privately held companies can sometimes more easily raise investment capital in the financial markets. public sector undertaking industries have to compete with demands from other government departments and special interests. 8. Lack of market discipline. Poorly managed public sector undertaking companies are insulated from the same discipline as private companies, which could go bankrupt, have their management removed, or be taken over by competitors. Publicly owned enterprises in competitive environments would not perform better than privately owned companies in the same circumstances in terms of profitability, Privatization reduces the net transfer to public sector undertaking from government as unnecessary subsidies. These transfers become positive if the government actually starts collecting taxes from privatized firms. Thank you. How to cite Privatization vs Public Sector, Essay examples

Muscle System Essay Example For Students

Muscle System Essay Objective: Muscular System1. Three types of muscles are the stapedius, latissimus dorsi, and the deltoid muscle. The smallest stapedius muscle is the smallest muscle which measures 1/20th of an inch. It is the activator of the stirrup that sends vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The largest muscle is the latissimus dorsi. This muscle is the flatest muscle of the back that moves during arm movement. The deltoid muscle is a triangular shaped muscle of the shoulder that forms the rounded flesh of the outer part of the upper arm. 2. The mechanism of muscle contraction is the sacromere. Actin filaments are anchored in their midpoints called a Z line; a sacromere is the region from on Z line to the next. When a muscle contracts myosin filaments and actin filaments interact to shorten the length of a sacromere. 3. Flexors and Extensors are muscles. A flexor is a muscle that bends at a joint, like the biceps. An extensor is a muscle that straightens a joint, like the triceps. 4. Muscle fatigue is the physiological inability of a muscle to contract. When energy availability fails to keep pace with its use, muscle fatigue sets in and controlled muscle activity ceases, even though the muscle may still receive stimulation to move5. Muscles, bones and tendons are all related. Most of the time, skeletal muscles are attached to one end of a bone, stretched across a joint, and attached to another bone. Muscles are attached to the outer membrane of the bone by tendons, or tough connective tissue. 6. The all-or-none response is muscle contraction. Either the fiber contract of they remains relaxed. The number of muscle fibers stimulated results in the force of the muscle contraction. 7. 10 major muscles of the body are: FrontalisDeltoidGastrocnemiusTriceps brachiiBiceps brachiiAbdominal Achilles tendonRectus femorisPectoralis majorSartorius

Dr.Scholls Marketing Plan free essay sample

The past 5 years, the women’s shoe industry has seen an increase in sky-high heels. Designers are adding more inches to many of their high heels. Sky-high heels are generally tended to attract women of a younger demographic (ages 18-35). Although these sky-highs are the latest trend, many of these shoes lack comfort. Not to mention the medical implications that can surface from wearing them for long periods of time. Many women, especially younger women, who enjoy purchasing fashionable shoes, will sacrifice comfort just for style. Increasing the awareness of this product will give women the opportunity to wear their shoes longer without discomfort. While it is said that higher price does not always guarantee quality, when it comes to women’s shoes many times the more expensive shoe brands are in fact more comfortable that those shoes on the cheaper end. Young women between the ages of 18 to 35 find themselves either in college or beginning their careers. Which means that they may not be able purchase the more expensive brands. Many young women find themselves shopping at lower priced shoe stores like Traffic and Forever XXI. These shoes although fashionable lack quality and comfort. For HerTM insoles would be the perfect solution for the younger female generation. MARKETING MIX Product Dr. Scholls ® insoles For HerTM provide comfort for women who wear high-heeled shoes for long periods of time. When women walk in high-heeled s hoes all of their weight is shifted to the balls of their feet, which causes the foot to swell. The insoles are made up of FabuSTEP ® gel pads that help to alleviate the pressure that is placed on the foot. Dr. Scholls ® For HerTM offers a variety of insoles the can help ease the common issues women face with wearing high heels. The inserts consist of the following products: * Dr. Scholls ® For HerTM Comfort Insoles * Dr. Scholls ® For HerTM Open Shoe Insoles * Dr. Scholls ® For HerTM Sole Expression * Dr. Scholls ® For HerTM Ball of Foot Cushions * Dr. Scholls ® For HerTM Heel Liners * Dr. Scholl’s ® For HerTM Pump Liners A future product that can be added to the line is the Dr. Scholls  ® For Her TM Shoe Stoppers that can be placed at the bottom of the shoe to prevent the shoe from slipping. The adhesive that is used to help the pads stick to the shoe can be improved so that it is more durable and can remain in place for long periods of time. The insoles are usually transparent with no colors or designs. Future insole products can be available in a variety of colors so that it can match the overall look of the shoe. Price The price for Dr. Scholls ® For HerTM insoles will be determined by how high the demand for the product is. It was stated earlier that many times the more expensive shoe brands would be more comfortable than the cheaper ones. However, almost all women’s heels will become uncomfortable after wearing them for some time. Women will place a high on For HerTM insoles because of the relief from discomfort. For HerTM insoles will allow women to wear their shoes for longer periods of time allowing them to get the most out of their shoes, especially if they where expensive. Currently, For HerTM insoles are sold at a price range of $4. 58-to $7. 97, depending on the insole. The price will reflect the production costs of the product. The quality of the insoles is guaranteed to surpass that of its competitors. The insoles are made using FabuSTEP ® gel and the latest technology. The brand equity behind Dr. Scholls ® is much more favorable among consumers. Surveys will be conducted to gather research to analyze demographic and psychological factors that influence women’s decisions when buying shoes and why they would sacrifice comfort just to wear their shoes. Place Dr. Scholl ® sells its products directly to retailers using intensive distribution coverage. Currently its products are placed in mass merchandiser stores like Publix, Wal-Mart, and warehouse stores, like Costco. To reach the younger female demographic, distributing the insoles to specialty store like DSW, Bakers, and Traffic will help to increase the awareness of the product line. Using unique displays in these stores will convey Dr. Scholls  ® superiority among their competitors. A majority of the young women in our target audience may be attending colleges and universities. Setting up displays around the campuses with representatives passing around discount coupons can help introduce the For HerTM line to younger women. Most retailers and specialty shoe stores sell many of their products on the Internet as well. For HerTM insoles can be offered on line as well and even on online stores like Amazon (www. amazon. com). Promotion To creating awareness of the For HerTM line among our target audience is the main focus behind our promotional strategies. The commercial’s that are currently playing on television can continue to run. Newer commercials can include celebrities like Kim Kardashian and Beyonce. These celebrities are known for their style and appeal to a younger audience. A partnership can be formed with these celebrities to indorse the product line. For example, ShoeDazzleTM (www. shoedazzle. com), a website founded by Kim Kardshian, sells shoes and accessories to its members at a standard price of $39. 99. The shoes styles available on the site include pumps and high-heeled sandals with an average heel height of 5 inches. With a majority of the shoes this high many women will wonder about comfort before making a purchase. Selling For HerTM insoles as a complementary good on this site will increase sales revenue. This would allow our target audience to become exposed to the product. Using social media networks, like Facebook and Twitter, to advertise For HerTM insoles will reach the younger demographic a lot quicker that television commercials will. Commercials should still air on television, however the focus should be to advertise more on the social media sites. The younger demographic spends more time surfing the web and on social media networks that they do watching television. Creating a Facebook page for Dr. Scholls ® For HerTM insoles and a Twitter account will keep consumers up to date of our latest promotional deals.