The Government of The Roman Empire

The Government of The Roman Empire Free Online Research Papers The Romans did not have a complex vision of government. Their philosophy and implementation of rule was quite simple. They believed that government should cover two broad categories of control: settling disputes between communities or individuals, and assembling men, goods, or money – jurisdiction and exaction. This philosophy would allow for the little bureaucratic involvement by the empire in the daily affairs of Romans and that of Rome’s conquered peoples. The Romans ruled conquered nations by the Polis, the same standards that they ruled themselves by. Aristotle claimed that the best model for the Polis was the very nature of a good friendship. The Polis precedes the individual; that it is the family, the original polis, and the social group from which our natures as individuals, as mother, father, friend, teacher, arise. He claimed that virtue is the middle ground between excesses, a balance point. What must be practiced in order to be virtuous is anger at the right objects: anger at injustice, for instance, is proper. Rage is not virtuous because it is excessive and uncontrolled. Courage is virtue at the balance point between heedlessness and cowardice, which are both excessive forms of the same thing. The developed Polis depends on friendly relations among members, and lasting friendly relations depend on virtue. The Roman Empire recognized three distinct forms of rule and order: magistrate, a roman government official; soldier, highly respected for their rigorous training, long amounts of marching, fighting in precise formations, and ability to kill their opponent; master of the household, the head male figure of the household. All activity in the empire can be linked with one of these roles. This again relates to the natural order that the Polis teaches both in political and philosophical practice. Rome has also been accused of bureaucracy on the grounds that they took excellent written records of events as they occurred. From taking the minutes of a court hearing or government meetings to the accumulation of archives Romans understood the importance of keeping accurate records. However, virtuosity in the public service should not be confused with professionalism. Research Papers on The Government of The Roman EmpireBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalCapital Punishment

Biography of Douglas MacArthur, 5-Star American General

Biography of Douglas MacArthur, 5-Star American General Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880–April 5, 1964) was a soldier in World War I, the senior commander in the Pacific theater during World War II, and the Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Command during the Korean War. He retired as a highly-decorated five-star general, although fairly ignominiously relieved of his duty by President Harry S. Truman on April 11, 1951. Fast Facts: Douglas MacArthur Known For: American 5-Star General, United States military leader in World War II and Korean WarBorn: January 26, 1880 in Little Rock, ArkansasParents: Captain Arthur MacArthur, Jr. and Mary Pinkney HardyDied: April 5, 1964 at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MarylandEducation: West Texas Military Academy, West Point.Published Works: Reminiscences, Duty, Honor, CountryAwards and Honors: Medal of Honor, Silver Star, Bronze Star, Distinguished Service Cross, many othersSpouse(s): Louise Cromwell Brooks (1922–1929); Jean Faircloth (1937–1962)Children: Arthur MacArthur IVNotable Quote: Old soldiers never die, they just fade away. Early Life The youngest of three sons, Douglas MacArthur was born at Little Rock, Arkansas, on January 26, 1880. His parents were then-Captain Arthur MacArthur, Jr. (who had served in the Civil War on the Union side) and his wife Mary Pinkney Hardy. Douglas spent much of his early life moving around the American West as his fathers postings changed. Learning to ride and shoot at an early age, MacArthur received his early education at the Force Public School in Washington, D.C. and later at the West Texas Military Academy. Eager to follow in his father into the military, MacArthur began seeking an appointment to West Point. After two attempts by his father and grandfather to secure a presidential appointment failed, he passed an appointment examine offered by Representative Theobald Otjen. West Point Entering West Point in 1899, MacArthur and Ulysses Grant III became the subjects of intense hazing as the sons of high-ranking officers and for the fact that their mothers were lodging at the nearby Cranys Hotel. Though called before a Congressional committee on hazing, MacArthur downplayed his own experiences rather than implicate other cadets. The hearing resulted in Congress banning hazing of any sort in 1901. An outstanding student, he held several leadership positions within the Corps of Cadets including First Captain in his final year at the academy. Graduating in 1903, MacArthur ranked first in his 93-man class. Upon leaving West Point, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and assigned to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Early Career Ordered to the Philippines, MacArthur supervised several construction projects in the islands. After brief service as Chief Engineer for the Division of the Pacific in 1905, he accompanied his father, now a major general, on a tour of the Far East and India. Attending the Engineer School in 1906, he moved through several domestic engineering posts before being promoted to captain in 1911. Following the sudden death of his father in 1912, MacArthur requested a transfer to Washington, D.C. to aid in caring for his ailing mother. This was granted and he was posted to the Office of the Chief of Staff. In early 1914, following heightened tensions with Mexico, President Woodrow Wilson directed U.S. forces to occupy Veracruz. Dispatched south as part of a headquarters staff, MacArthur arrived on May 1. Finding that an advance from the city would require the use of a railroad, he set out with a small party to locate locomotives. Finding several in Alvarado, MacArthur and his men were forced to fight their way back to the American lines. Successfully delivering the locomotives, his name was put forward by Chief of Staff Major General Leonard Wood for the Medal of Honor. Though the commander in Veracruz, Brigadier General Frederick Funston, recommended the award, the board tasked with making the determination declined to issue the medal citing that the operation had occurred without the knowledge of the commanding general. They also cited concerns that making the award would encourage staff officers in the future to conduct operations without alerting their superiors. World War I Returning to Washington, MacArthur received a promotion to major on December 11, 1915, and the following year was assigned to the Office of Information. With the U.S. entry into World War I in April 1917, MacArthur helped form the 42nd Rainbow Division from existing National Guard units. Intended to build morale, the units of the 42nd were intentionally drawn from as many states as possible. In discussing the concept, MacArthur commented that the membership in the division will stretch over the whole country like a rainbow. With the formation of the 42nd Division, MacArthur was promoted to colonel and made its chief of staff. Sailing for France with the division in October 1917, he earned his first Silver Star when he accompanied a French trench raid the following February. On March 9, MacArthur joined a trench raid conducted by the 42nd. Moving forward with the 168th Infantry Regiment, his leadership earned him a Distinguished Service Cross. On June 26, 1918, MacArthur was promoted to brigadier general becoming the youngest general in the American Expeditionary Force. During the Second Battle of the Marne that July and August, he earned three more Silver Stars and was given command of the 84th Infantry Brigade. Taking part in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel in September, MacArthur was awarded two additional Silver Stars for his leadership during the battle and subsequent operations. Shifted north, the 42nd Division joined the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in mid-October. Attacking near Chà ¢tillon, MacArthur was wounded while scouting a gap in the German barbed wire. Though again nominated for the Medal of Honor for his part in the action, he was denied a second time and instead awarded a second Distinguished Service Cross. Quickly recovering, MacArthur led his brigade through the final campaigns of the war. After briefly commanding the 42nd Division, he saw occupation duty in the Rhineland before returning to the United States in April 1919. West Point While the majority of U.S. Army officers were returned to their peacetime ranks, MacArthur was able to retain his wartime rank of brigadier general by accepting an appointment as Superintendent of West Point. Directed to reform the schools aging academic program, he took over in June 1919. Remaining in the position until 1922, he made great strides in modernizing the academic course, reducing hazing, formalizing the honor code, and increasing the athletic program. Though many of his changes were resisted, they ultimately were accepted. Marriage and Family Douglas MacArthur married twice. His first wife was Henriette Louise Cromwell Brooks, a divorcee and flapper who liked gin, jazz, and the stock market, none of which suited MacArthur. They were married on February 14, 1922, separated in 1925, and divorced on June 18, 1929. He met Jean Marie Faircloth in 1935, and despite that Douglas was 19 years older than she was, they married on April 30, 1937. They had one son, Arthur MacArthur IV, born in Manila in 1938. Peacetime Assignments Leaving the academy in October 1922, MacArthur took command of the Military District of Manila. During his time in the Philippines, he befriended several influential Filipinos, such as Manuel L. Quezon, and sought to reform the military establishment in the islands. On January 17, 1925, he was promoted to major general. After brief service in Atlanta, he moved north in 1925 to take command of III Corps Area with his headquarters at Baltimore, Maryland. While overseeing III Corps, he was compelled to serve on the court-martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. The youngest on the panel, he claimed to have voted to acquit the aviation pioneer and called the requirement to serve one of the most distasteful orders I ever received. Chief of Staff After another two-year assignment in the Philippines, MacArthur returned to the United States in 1930 and briefly commanded IX Corps Area in San Francisco. Despite his relatively young age, his name was put forward for the position of Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army. Approved, he was sworn in that November. As the Great Depression worsened, MacArthur fought to prevent crippling cuts in the Armys manpower- although he was ultimately forced to close more than 50 bases. In addition to working to modernize and update the Armys war plans, he concluded the MacArthur-Pratt agreement with the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral William V. Pratt, which helped define each services responsibilities in regard to aviation. One of the best-known generals in the U.S. Army, MacArthurs reputation suffered in 1932 when President Herbert Hoover ordered him to clear the Bonus Army from an encampment at Anacostia Flats. Veterans from World War I, the Bonus Army marchers were seeking early payment of their military bonuses. Against the advice of his aide, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower, MacArthur accompanied the troops as they drove off the marchers and burned their camp. Though political opposites, MacArthur had his term as Chief of Staff extended by the newly-elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Under MacArthurs leadership, the U.S. Army played a key role in overseeing the Civilian Conservation Corps. Back to the Philippines Completing his time as Chief of Staff in late 1935, MacArthur was invited by now-President of the Philippines Manuel Quezon to oversee the formation of the Philippine Army. Made a field marshal of the Commonwealth of the Philippines he remained in the U.S. Army as the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines. Arriving, MacArthur and Eisenhower were forced to essentially start from scratch while using cast off and obsolete American equipment. Relentlessly lobbying for more money and equipment, his calls were largely ignored in Washington. In 1937, MacArthur retired from the U.S. Army but remained in place as an advisor to Quezon. Two years later, Eisenhower returned to the United States and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Richard Sutherland as MacArthurs chief of staff. World War II Begins With tensions with Japan growing, Roosevelt recalled MacArthur to active duty as commander, U.S. Army Forces in the Far East in July 1941 and federalized the Philippine Army. In an attempt to bolster the Philippines defenses, additional troops and material were dispatched later that year. At 3:30 a.m. on December 8, MacArthur learned of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Around 12:30 p.m., much of MacArthurs air force was destroyed when the Japanese struck Clark and Iba Fields outside Manila. When the Japanese landed at Lingayen Gulf on December 21, MacArthurs forces attempted to slow their advance but to no avail. Implementing prewar plans, Allied forces withdrew from Manila and formed a defensive line on the Bataan Peninsula. As fighting raged on Bataan, MacArthur established his headquarters on the fortress island of Corregidor in Manila Bay. Directing the fighting from an underground tunnel on Corregidor, he was derisively nicknamed Dugout Doug. As the situation on Bataan deteriorated, MacArthur received orders from Roosevelt to leave the Philippines and escape to Australia. Initially refusing, he was convinced by Sutherland to go. Departing Corregidor on the night of March 12, 1942, MacArthur and his family traveled by PT boat and B-17 before reaching Darwin, Australia five days later. Traveling south, he famously broadcast to the people of the Philippines that I shall return. For his defense of the Philippines, Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall had MacArthur awarded the Medal of Honor. New Guinea Appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area on April 18, MacArthur established his headquarters first at Melbourne and then at Brisbane, Australia. Largely served by his staff from the Philippines, dubbed the Bataan Gang, MacArthur began planning operations against the Japanese on New Guinea. Initially commanding largely Australian forces, MacArthur oversaw successful operations at Milne Bay, Buna-Gona, and Wau in 1942 and early 1943. Following a victory at the Battle of the Bismarck Sea in March 1943, MacArthur planned a major offensive against the Japanese bases at Salamaua and Lae. This attack was to be part of Operation Cartwheel, an Allied strategy for isolating the Japanese base at Rabaul. Moving forward in April 1943, Allied forces captured both towns by mid-September. Later operations saw MacArthurs troops land at Hollandia and Aitape in April 1944. While fighting continued on New Guinea for the rest of the war, it became a secondary theater as MacArthur and SWPA shifted its attention to planning the invasion of the Philippines. Return to the Philippines Meeting with President Roosevelt and Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, in mid-1944, MacArthur outlined his ideas for liberating the Philippines. Operations in the Philippines commenced on October 20, 1944, when MacArthur oversaw Allied landings on the island of Leyte. Coming ashore, he announced, People of the Philippines: I have returned. While Admiral William Bull Halsey and Allied naval forces fought the Battle of Leyte Gulf (October 23-26), MacArthur found the campaign ashore slow going. Battling heavy monsoons, Allied troops fought on Leyte until the end of the year. In early December, MacArthur directed the invasion of Mindoro, which was quickly occupied by Allied forces. On December 18, 1944, MacArthur was promoted to General of the Army. This occurred one day before Nimitz was raised to Fleet Admiral, making MacArthur the senior commander in the Pacific. Pressing forward, he opened the invasion of Luzon on January 9, 1945, by landing elements of the Sixth Army at Lingayen Gulf. Driving southeast toward Manila, MacArthur supported the Sixth Army with landings by the Eighth Army to the south. Reaching the capital, the Battle for Manila began in early February and lasted until March 3. For his part in liberating Manila, MacArthur was awarded a third Distinguished Service Cross. Though fighting continued on Luzon, MacArthur began operations to liberate the southern Philippines in February. Between February and July, 52 landings took place as Eighth Army forces moved through the archipelago. To the southwest, MacArthur commenced a campaign in May that saw his Australian forces attack Japanese positions in Borneo. Occupation of Japan As planning commenced for the invasion of Japan, MacArthurs name was informally discussed as for the role of overall commander of the operation. This proved moot when Japan surrendered in August 1945 following the dropping of the atomic bombs and the Soviet Unions declaration of war. Following this action, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan on August 29 and charged with directing the occupation of the country. On September 2, 1945, MacArthur oversaw the signing of the instrument of surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Over the next four years, MacArthur and his staff worked to rebuild the country, reform its government, and implement large-scale business and land reforms. Handing over power to the new Japanese government in 1949, MacArthur remained in place in his military role. The Korean War On June 25, 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea beginning the Korean War. Immediately condemning the North Korean aggression, the new United Nations authorized a military force to be formed to aid South Korea. It also directed the U.S. government to select the forces commander-in-chief. Meeting, the Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously chose to appoint MacArthur as Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Command. Commanding from the Dai Ichi Life Insurance Building in Tokyo, he immediately began directing aid to South Korea and ordered Lieutenant General Walton Walkers Eighth Army to Korea. Pushed back by the North Koreans, the South Koreans and the lead elements of the Eighth Army were forced into a tight defensive position dubbed the Pusan Perimeter. As Walker was steadily reinforced, the crisis began to lessen and MacArthur began planning offensive operations against the North Koreans. With the bulk of the North Korean Army engaged around Pusan, MacArthur advocated for a daring amphibious strike on the peninsulas west coast at Inchon. This, he argued, would catch the enemy off guard, while landing UN troops close to the capital at Seoul and placing them in a position to cut the North Koreans supply lines. Many were initially skeptical of MacArthurs plan as Inchons harbor possessed a narrow approach channel, strong current, and wildly fluctuating tides. Moving forward on September 15, the landings at Inchon were a great success. Driving toward Seoul, UN troops captured the city on September 25. The landings, in conjunction with an offensive by Walker, sent the North Koreans reeling back over the 38th Parallel. As UN forces entered into North Korea, the Peoples Republic of China issued a warning that it would enter the war if MacArthurs troops reached the Yalu River. Meeting with President Harry S. Truman on Wake Island in October, MacArthur dismissed the Chinese threat and stated he hoped to have U.S. forces home by Christmas. In late October, Chinese forces flooded across the border and began driving UN troops south. Unable to halt the Chinese, UN troops were not able to stabilize the front until they had retreated south of Seoul. With his reputation tarnished, MacArthur directed a counter-offensive in early 1951 which saw Seoul liberated in March and UN troops again cross the 38th Parallel. Having publicly clashed with Truman over war policy earlier, MacArthur demanded that China admit defeat on March 24, preempting a White House ceasefire proposal. This was followed on April 5 by Representative Joseph Martin, Jr. revealing a letter from MacArthur that was highly critical of Trumans limited war approach to Korea. Meeting with his advisors, Truman relieved MacArthur on April 11 and replaced him with General Matthew Ridgway. Death and Legacy MacArthurs firing was met with a firestorm of controversy in the United States. Returning home, he was hailed as a hero and given ticker tape parades in San Francisco and New York. Between these events, he addressed Congress on April 19 and famously stated that old soldiers never die; they just fade away. Though a favorite for the 1952 Republican presidential nomination, MacArthur had no political aspirations. His popularity also fell slightly when a Congressional investigation backed Truman for firing him making him less a less attractive candidate. Retiring to New York City with his wife Jean, MacArthur worked in business and wrote his memoirs. Consulted by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, he warned against a military buildup in Vietnam. MacArthur died in Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland on April 5, 1964, and, following a state funeral, was buried at the MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk, Virginia.

Scholarly Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scholarly Writing - Assignment Example Through critical reading (Douglas, 2000) and analysis of the author’s reasoning using one’s purpose, information presented and conclusion (Paul & Elder, 2003, Spring), it can be deduced that the increase in use of personal computers does not reflect the current status of â€Å"digital divide†. The issue of â€Å"digital divide† or its non-existence has been over-generalized by the author. There are governments that restrict the use of computers in their countries or censor certain information. With the current technology, access to digital information from the computer or internet can be connected other gadgets. Thus, the divide can be perpetrated by the government according to its internal policies, such as the ban imposed by UAE (access of internet and sending of messages) and Saudi Arabia (on sending of instant messages) on some Blackberry functions because the government cannot monitor them (Walls, 2010, August 2). The author has also cited the 2001 Bu siness Week release that more than 80 percent of secondary students are â€Å"plugged in†, meaning, that they are constantly using the computer and the internet. Being â€Å"plugged in† may refer not only to personal computer use at home since there are public places and internet cafes that allow computer use for a certain fee.

Positive and Negative Impacts on International Business Assignment

Positive and Negative Impacts on International Business - Assignment Example These forces include economics, religion and politics. Globalization can corrode and globalize the characteristics and individualities of a local cluster. Globalization is the scheme of interface among the economies and countries in order to develop and grow the global economy. The term globalization has been increased since the mid of 1980s. In the year 200, the IMF have identified four fundamental aspects of globalization, such as dissemination of Knowledge, Trade and Transactions, migration and movement of human beings and capital and investment movements. Moreover, several environment challenges like, cross-boundary air and water pollution, climate change, and over fishing is directly and indirectly linked with globalization. Globalization has able to influence and strengthen the power of several intuitions, such as World Bank, International Monetary fund and World Trade Organization. The global business outsourcing has significantly increased due to the globalization. Several co untries face challenges as they tend to maximize positive outcomes from globalization. They did not bother about the minimization of necessary elements. Due to globalization, the control of consumers over the suppliers from other foreign countries gets weaker. Multinational A multinational corporation is a corporation, which is registered in more than the host country. The multinational corporations both manufacture and sell products and services in various countries (Gitman and McDanniel, 2008, p.52). Moreover, the multinational corporations have business operations in more than one country. The first ever multinational corporation was the East India Company. These multinational corporations play an important role in globalization. Business practices of multinational corporations in several countries can overcome the unemployment problem of the nation. Moreover, it helps to increase the GDP growth rate of a country. Multinational corporations can have exerted controversial politica l and economic power in some countries. As a result, critics have viewed these multinational corporations distrustfully and sometimes seek to have host countries inflict restrictions on them. Accountability is also a challenge for Multinational Corporation. These organizations’ annual revenue over and over again exceeds the Gross Domestic Product of several developing countries. It will affect the financial and economic structure of a country. Glocalization Glocalization is a combination of both the terms globalization and localization. It is a business terminology for the adoption of goods and services to each culture and locality in which it used to sell. This term and process is very much similar to internationalization. This term was first introduced in late 1980 in global market. The increasing restaurant chains in global market is an example of globalization, but the change of menus in several countries in order to attract the people of particular countries is an exampl e of Glocalization (Hesselbach, J., 2011, p.2). Organizations, individuals and households are trying to maintain the social networks that used to combine the long-distance and local interactions. The declaration of particular locality, such as a state or a city or a town is used to consider as a world territory, with rights and responsibilities on a global scale. Before

Business Plan Marketing Essay Example for Free

Business Plan Marketing Essay Starting a new/ successful business can be one of the hardest things that a person can do in their life. The business can come second to nothing in life , not even your family. This is often where people make the mistake and get in to deep. Planning is just the beginning but is the most important aspect of the whole process. According to Uggla and Filipsson developing a company brand is one of the most important aspects of starting a business also. They used examples like Adidas, HM and Microsoft as good companies to look at as examples. A strong foundation to a business will be a huge help in making the business successful and profitable as quickly as possible. This being said the business that I would love to open is a garden center or nursery. Marshalls is going to be a leader in indoor tropical houseplants and foliage. We will not only sell the plants but offer landscaping  services and free classes to customers on how to maintain the plants that they do have. I have worked in this field my entire life and have seen many businesses of this type come and go for many reasons. I feel that after working in the field for 12 years I have a good grasp on the reasons why people were successful and unsuccessful. This alone will help me dramatically in the formation of the business because I will not make many of the same mistakes that other companies I have worked for made in the past. The vision that I have for Marshall’s nursery is to have broken even within the first two years of operation and be not only profitable but also the largest nursery in southeastern Michigan. I also want to introduce hundreds of uncommon types of plants to this region for in home growing. Being the biggest importer of tropical orchids and foliage is also very important to the successes of Marshalls. Anyone can sell the basic impatient and marigolds, I would love to go one step above this and show people it is possible to grow tropical and unique plants indoors. At Marshalls nursery our mission statement for this is simple: We want to sell unique tropical plants to our consumers at fair prices. Our consumer will not only gain the plant when they come into Marshalls but they will also gain knowledge. We will have only people that have experience in the field working hands on with the customers. Marshalls offers â€Å"how to† clinics on the weekends and for a small fee will also come out and help you plant whatever is bought at the store. The company will also sell only organic pesticides and fertilizers to consumers to ensure the safety of the environment and families. We will be leaders in the community by not only donating plants but also donating our time to serve the community. The management style will have to evolve as the company gets bigger over the first 5 years or so. In the first couple years while I build my staff the management style will most likely be autocratic. I personally will be in charge and tell everyone what to do. I believe that you shouldn’t give employees to much say in things till after they have shown not only competency but also built trust with the people they are working with. I believe this is also fair considering that I have sunk all of my self  emotionally and financially into the business and I want it ran this way until I at least start profiting. After I have started profiting and have built a good core of employees it will without a doubt turn more in the way of being run permissively. Employees should have the ability to make adjustments and choices in certain situations that may take place within the business. I will also work side by side with my employees. I have a strong belief that you should never tell some one to do something that you wouldn’t want to do yourself. The company will have a structure that starts with the CEO at the top and then down to two assistant managers. The assistant managers will be the ones that are responsible for all of the handling of cash in the mornings and at night and dealing with serious issues throughout any given day. The next level will be three yard managers. Yard managers are responsible for ensuring that everything is completed in the yard and that all of the plants are looking healthy. The will have the ability to delegate to any of the 10 employees working under them. The basic employee will be hourly and do all of the daily task such as helping customers to their cars and watering all of the plants. I believe that by setting up Marshalls nursery in this type of management structure it will greatly benefit the company. Everyone will know what the hierarchy is in the company and know who they can go to for help. Many people would say that this is almost a form of micromanagement but it is needed when you have a company with so many different variables. This structure will also utilize all of the employees’ strengths and eliminate tasks that they may be weak in. Overall, this is just a brief description of the company that I would like to start and how I plan on going about starting it. In weeks to fallow I will slowly build on these values that I have set forth to make for a much stronger company. This is just beginning of the planning. Planning is often the make or break in a company of any type or size. When you own and operate your own business your code of conduct is going to be one of the most important things that you will ever create. This is going to set an  ethical standard for how your business will be run and how the employees should act well at work. This all starts with a core set of values. The Values that Marshalls will use include Honesty, fairness, integrity and using all of these traits to reach the company goals in the near future. All of these things are going to be considered highly, not only in hiring but also keeping a safe and friendly atmosphere for everything. We will not tolerate any unethical behavior in our business by an level of employee. All documents will be checked by our third party accountant that will ensure that all paperwork is done properly and accurately. Marshalls will have zero tolerance for unethical behavior and will be punished by job termination and involvement with the law if the situation dictates. Marshalls will be able to work this code of ethics into everyday practice and will not affect how things are run. This is something that we will need to have in order to be a successful business. A marketing plan is interracial to the success of any business. Regardless of size or what you’re trying to sell it’s going to the back bone of profitability. There are many different aspects that go into making a market plan including: market research, SWOT analysis and the 4 P’s of marketing. All of these things are going to add up to a small portion of what is in a thorough marketing plan but all are important in ensuring a successful business. Market research like I explained in the previous paper is going to explain market trends, competitors and environmental factors. All of these can have huge impacts on how well your company is going to do. You should know your market extremely well. You wouldn’t want to put A steak house in the middle of a vegan community and expect it to succeed. Sometimes however stepping outside the box can be extremely profitable if you can find a niche market that has not been tapped. This is where Marshalls is going to be since were selling tropical plants in a cold climate. A lot of people would say this makes little sense but people in general want what is different for their households and businesses and we can provided that. The first thing that needs to be done when creating a market plan is the 4 p’s of marketing.  This is going to include everything that is going to be involved including product, price, place and promotion. All of these things make up what is called the marketing mixes. The marketing mix is the basics of the business without these you would not even have a business. To be successful Marshalls Nursery is going to have to fallow all of these very to be successful. The product that Marshall’s Nursery is going to be offering is an exotic plant nursery. The plants are going to be from around the world and from many different growers and all have very specific needs. Marshalls will be able to not only sell the plants to the customer but also help them place them in the home where they will flourish. This service will be at an extra charge but to ensure that the plants will do well and produces blooms it will be very helpful. If we can try and get every customer to use our in home care service than it will take the company to a new level of profitability. Price is going to be the most difficult thing for Marshalls. It’s very expensive to ship plants in a heated truck during the winter, but it’s crucial to the success of the business to do so. This will drive the price up a lot. With a lot of the connections with vendors I have made in south Florida I should be able to keep shipping lower. Also teaming up with other stores that are not in close proximity to my store would be another way to order more plants to eliminate s hipping costs. The fact that the plants are rare and people will not be able to get them anywhere else is going to make it easier to keep prices a little bit higher. I strategically picked the location for Marshalls. The area outside of Metro-Detroit is loaded with wealth and the home to over 50 major companies which are potential clients. Also by keeping it in a cold climate we eliminate a lot of competition. The majority of these plants can be bought in warm climates but are nearly impossible to find in Michigan. I have also looked at the growth potential and have found that because of cheap real estate people have been moving to this area quickly. The cheap real-estate also helps because I can afford a better location and building for Marshalls. Promotion is going to be vital to the success of the business. This is going to start with advertising and led directly into the customer service that we give our clients. We are going to do many different types of advertising. This will start with using yellow pages and direct mail. With the yellow pages site we can also hit the internet  marketing with a pay per click campaign. This means that we o nly pay when people click on the ad. Often its five cents per click and you pay depending on how many people click. We have also been working with a lot of local gardening magazines to advertise to our local customers and let them know we are now in town. We will do a free orchid campaign to the first 500 customers at the store to draw people in. This may cost us a lot at the start but in the long run will get the word out that were open and have a quality location. As a company we will also be performing a SWOT analysis on the business before we start. The advantage to this is that it really shows you where your business is and what needs to be improved on. SWOT consists of four things your company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Marshalls Nursery has many strength’s. The first thing that is very evident is that I have worked in this type of business for over 12 years and have seen where other companies have succeeded and failed. With this knowledge I should be able to be proactive and not reactive as much. Stopping a problem from the start is huge advantage. I also have made a lot of connections in this type of business that will help me with prices and shipping. Majority of the potential weaknesses that I see are things that will be able to be stopped with proper planning. The first thing that I see as a problem is the lack of working capital that has to start the business. I need to have more capital on hand in order for the business to run to its full potential and for me not to put my own lively hood at risk. Also the lack of reliable workers is another thing that will be difficult. When dealing with exotic plants it will be important that my staff is well trained and knows a lot about the plants and how to care for them. Since we will have mostly tropical plants it will be hard to find adequate candidates. Opportunities that Marshalls may have are being the first business in the area to sell this product and offer in home services to go along with it. Also Michigan State University is the United States leading agriculture and hortic ulture school. This will help because I can use interns that are studying the field and even get potential job applicants straight out of college. We can also open many different locations down the line if the initial location does well. The biggest threat to the company is going to be the climate in Michigan. If we have an extremely cold winter which has happened several times in the past it’s  going to make quality shipping very difficult. Most tropical plants can’t tolerate temperatures under 40 degrees for longer than a couple minutes before getting damaged. Also, if we start doing well it will be very tempting for our competition to start replicating what we are doing. This will be a potential long term threat for the company. This marketing plan is just the beginning of success for the company. It may be the most important part of the process however, this is going to make or break your company. If we realize not only our successes but also our failures and act on them before they happen than we will be a much better company. Daily operations for a business are going to be the bread and butter of your business. A company is often made profitable on how they are run. This can be anything from giving serving customers to obtaining product from vendors half way across the country. The more streamline, efficient and friendly you are will increase margin and in the long run profitability. Often the company that is around in five years is the ones that have figured out how to have the best daily operations. Marshall’s nursery is retail and a services business. Making Marshalls not only a retail but service business will make the operations more difficult but also a lot more profitable. Being able to not only offer to sell items to people but also maintain and pot the exotic plants. I will list how general operations will go for the retail side of the business and the service side. The operations for the store aspect of the business are pretty simple and just like most other retailers. The most important aspect of the business is going to be a good shipping method. We will use heated/cooling trucks that will be able to keep the plants at an exact 75 degrees for the entire tripe to ensure maximum freshness and quality for the customers. Shipping will be very important can have a huge impact on inventory levels and the amount of plants we can carry. We have decided to go a different route than most other nurseries in the area and do all of our own shipping in house. The reason for this is the ability to not only ensure quality but be able to pick select plants and stay in face to face contact with our growers. Our Growers are going to consist of four different companies. We have selected these companies because they have a great reputation and I also have contacts with them that will get us a lot better deal than going elsewhere. The first company that we are going to use is Costa Nursery. Costa is a large scale nursery selling anything from rare plants to the common marigold. I have dealt with them for over 6 years and love their product. They will provide us with mainly orchids and bromeliads. The second is going to be Florida tree farm, they have a large selection of indoor palms that you cannot buy anywhere else in the country. Dewar’s nursery is going to be our primary rose and citurs fruit dealer. Windmill farms will give us the basic everyday 6 packs that people will buy for their outside landscaping. We will only use windmill farms for the summer months to gain a little bit of extra business to sell outdoor plants. Now that we have gone over how and where we will get our product the next aspect is how the actual store is going to be set up. The approximate size of the store will be 1500 square feet inside and 1000 square foot outside area for summer plants. The store will be organized by type of plant on both the inside and the outside. Our staff on any given day will include me and one other manager and at least three other employees to help out the majority of the customers. The store hours will be from 9-7 Mon-Saturday and 10-6 on Sundays. The managers will be the ones that run the registers the majority of the time well the associates help customers find and load what they need into the car. One other responsibility that everyone will have is making sure all of the plants get watered every single day. Watering is the number one reason the nursery’s have shrink so it will be everyone’s job to do this At the end of every day the managers that close will be responsible for counting down all of the registers and making sure the store is clean and ready for business the following day. These roles can be modified if need be due to call offs or any other issues that may come up. We will also have at least two traveling care takers for homeowners and business owners that will go from place to place and take care of people’s plants. These will also be the individuals that make long distance runs to the nursery’s to pick up  product. Monday will be a very crucial day for the business. The managers will do inventory and decided what we are going to need for the next couple weeks. They will then call it in to the different vendors and set up a Thursday or Friday pick up time. Monday and Tuesday will also be the days that our traveling plant specialists will go to appointments to take care of people’s plants. This will all be going on behind scenes well the store is operating its daily business. Wednesday the plant specialists will leave in two boxes trucks and travel to Florida where they will load up the two trucks and return home before Saturday so that the store can be replenished with merchandise. Upon returning on Saturday the associates will unload the truck and the managers will do a second check to make sure everything has arrived not only in good shape but also the proper quantities. This seems like a lot of work but it is very important to only have the freshest product for our customers and will also make it so that we can keep prices lower. This will be a typical week at Marshalls. I have found that over my years of managing similar businesses nothing is every set in stone and adjustments will have to be made as we go. This is just a general blueprint for what a week will look like. We have been looking at the idea of getting several of our products from the Caribbean islands. There are many pros and cons of doing this. The first thing that we noticed was that we were able to get products a lot cheaper per plant but will have to pay almost three times the shipping to get them back to the U.S. The reason that they are so much cheaper is because the labor to grow them is less than half what we pay people in the United States. Countries like Haiti pay people only dollars a day. Many of the growers also do not fallow the laws of the U.S and use pesticides and fertilizers that have been banned. This is especially relevant when trying to ship fruit trees that are going to potentially be consumed by people. Dealing with the government of some of these other countries is also very difficult because they want to control what is being shipped and often times will confiscate things at the border that they feel is odd. When this happens there is no guarantee that we will ever get what we ordered and can  often times result in huge losses. A typical order can range anywhere from 2000 dollars up to 20,000. One lost order can ruin a half of month’s sales. Like any business networking is key in success so by gaining overseas contacts it can greatly increase sales and even potential locations to expand to. We have even looked at opening our own greenhouse and fields in some foreign countries to produce our own plants. This is just a basic overview of what the operations for Marshalls will look like. Many things will come up that may change how the company will be run. Many factors such as weather and war may dictate what will happen. If we are able to stick to this plan as close as possible we should be profitable within the first two years of being open. A cash flow analysis is an important part of any business that is planning on succeeding and growing in the future. Marshalls is no different than any other business in that it needs to have an accurate cash flow statement. This will give us a better idea of how the business is doing and where the cash is flowing in the business. It is important as a small business to prepare these documents as frequently as possible. This can be done anywhere from monthly to annually. In this paper we will look at what goes into a cash flow analysis and what some of the benefits are for keeping an accurate cash flow analysis. The first part of the cash flow statement that you will need to know is the net income. The net income is the total amount of money that will be brought in. This will be a base number with nothing taken out for liabilities or money that was spent. Marshalls had a net income of 545,000 in the first year of doing business. Operating activities is the first thing that needs to be analyzed for a cash flow analysis. This will include anything that will produce direct revenue or any of the costs that may come up when producing a good or a service. When looking at what might cause cash inflow, you would consider thing like customer sales from primary products. For Marshalls this would be anything that we would sell to the public. The main out flows that we will have to  consider for operating activities would be paying suppliers and employee payrolls. The money that will go out to our suppliers will be around 100,000 and our payroll for the year will be around 300,000 all together for our employees. Investing activities is the next area of that we will look at when making a cash flow analysis. This will be higher for the first year because of the property that we will be buying. This is a noncurrent asset that will generate a lot of money for us over time. The property is we bought is 200,000 and will only have to be deducted for the first year of the cash flow statement. Equipment for the company is also in this category because over time we will make money from this. The total cost of this is going to be 20,000. Financing activates is the final area on the cash flow analysis that Marshalls will have to take into consideration. This area will be anything from having to barrow money for new equipment to using cash to pay off a property loan. Marshalls will have to be making payments on equipment and also on the cost of the mortgage for the building that they will be located in. There are many benefits to preforming a cash flow analysis and is necessary for any size business. The first thing that we need to consider is that this is the final report that is prepared. This means that it takes into account everything that was in the other financial statements. This statement will show accountability and validity of all the other kinds of statements. This is a great way to analyze how healthy a business is when you are considering doing business with them or investing with them. This report will also make the company a lot more credible when trying to entice investors and other financing. Many problems will arise if this report is not done properly and in a timely manner. Cash flow statements are the overall performance of your business and by not knowing where you’re sitting it can have terrible future implications. Including, overspending and not being credible to potential  investors. Information technology can be a make or break of a business. It can not only save the company a lot of money but also at the same time protect valuable information. This information can include anything from business account numbers, customer information, vendor lists and product margins. All of this is going to be information that you would not want to lose or get stolen by potential competitors. The first thing that we are going to look at is going to be types of hardware that we will be using at Marshalls to make it as safe and user friendly as possible. The hardware that we are going to be using for this business is going to be pretty simple because of the nature of the business. We will have two computers that will be for ordering information and managing the website online. These computers will also field all email questions by customers from the website. We will also have a laptop for the delivery guys to use to make sure that all of the products they are picking up are correct and for lite personal use on two and three day trips. In the office there is a multipurpose printer that has the ability to copy, fax and print. To stay up with the times we have decided to also integrate two I-pads into our company to take credit card sales on the spot and make answering questions easier for the customer. Software is going to be an area where we will not need to spend a lot of money to start out. I figure that we will get QuickBooks to do our accounting and the Microsoft office suite to do the majority of the other features. In office suite there is a program that is called accesses and will build a database of customers and we will use that heavily for direct mail and contacting potential customers over time. The one area that we will not skimp in is anti-virus protection the reason that I say this is because it is going to be important to protect all of our information. Marshalls is going to use email very heavily for their business not only to stay in touch with customers but also to order product and keep in contact with the delivery people that are on the road 3 days a week. Marshalls  Email is [emailprotected], the reason that we decided on this email is because people will easily be able to distinguish us when looking through their emails. We also used Google as our home for our email because it is not only free but can hold the most amount of emails. We will have a basic network that will link all of our electronic devices to the main desktop PC in the manager’s office. All important documents will then be stored in external hard drives as well as on the device that it was transferred from. This will ensure that we will never have an issue where we lose paper work or information that we will need at a later time. For the laptop and I-pads we will have wireless internet at the store and the ability to have ATT 3g for the laptop on the road. Our website is going to be very simple in design with a basic landing page that will search engine optimized to increase relevance and raise our spot on search engine pages. The page will have a spot where customers can get basic information and see approximate in store quantities. The main concern for www.Marshallstropical.com is going to be that due to the ability to order, schedule appointments and get plant information on our site it will have high volume of people at the site at any time making it slow if not shutting it down. This concern for heavy usage on the website has made Marshalls staff decided to implement cloud technology. Cloud technology is a somewhat new technology that eliminates the need for multiple servers. This alone is going to save you a ton of money in basic server costs. Normally a server is going to have to have a host and you will be charged no matter how much you actually use it. You also will have to buy more servers as the site gains popularity or it will slow down dramatically. Customers hate not being able to streamline across a site and will often not even consider a site that is not in fast working order. What cloud technology will do for us is not only eliminate the need for servers but also increase our scalability. Meaning the site will be able to handle more people when needed and scale back down when traffic is slower. This makes it very convenient because you never have to worry about your site being slow due to high traffic and potentially  losing sales. Cloud technology is also a performance based asset. The reason I say this is because you are only really paying for it when people are using it. This being said when people are looking at your website that is creating leads and the potential for customers so you are really only paying when it’s being used. This can all be done from one computer and is a very simple. With the little bit of time I will have on my hands running the business simple is better. This is just the start to what we can do with information technology in our business. Since we are so small we will be able to run lite in this area for a while. When we start to get bigger and open up new locations the need for information technology expansion will be needed. The most important thing overall is our security and the ability to protect our information yet stay streamlined for the customer’s needs. Management in any business is going to be an important factor. A business that is not ran properly will often times not be around for more than a couple years. Poor management will affect customer satisfaction as well as employee satisfaction. It is often a trickledown effect with an end result of customers not wanting to shop at that place of business and the business not being able to hire potential qualified candidates. At Marshall’s nursery we will have four managers that will run the business. One of the managers is going to be the owner and will have the final say in any issues that may arise. This is going to be somewhat of an autocratic management style but since the owner has the final say. I feel that I should have the final say on this because it I am solely taking the entire financial risk in the business. Not only am I taking the entire risk but I also have more experience running the business than any of the other managers that are fresh out of college. Marshalls will also have an offsite accountant that will be responsible for the weekly reports and making sure all the books are kept up to date and correct. We also have the ability to bring in outside consultants that will help train our employees about the different types of plants and plant care. All of the employees at Marshalls will have to be team players, when you are running a large business with a staff of 12. Employees will have to learn how to work together in order to get everything accomplished that needs to be done. I stated that it was going to be an autocratic work place for the first couple years but I hope to move more to a democratic type of management style when we get established. I want all of the managers to have a say in how the business is run and implement things that they feel is going to help the business out over time. Only fallowing ones persons ideas and direction will eventually hinder its ability to grow into a unique business. Communication at Marshalls is going to be very important because of the nature of the business. We will be running three different shifts that will only overlap by a couple of hours. Since the overlap is so little, we will have to utilize emails, texts and interpersonal communication in order to get our daily business done. Information that is business sensitive will only be available to the managers and accountant. Many things over the course of any given day will have to communicate. Some of these things will be watering logs, work lists and schedule changes. All of this information will be emailed to each employee. Organizational culture is how the employees interact with each other with in an organization. An organization can be defined as anything that a group may partake in. Organizational culture can be how people interact with each other and their beliefs, habits, values, visions, norms and many others. Since it is very hard to match people up that have the exact same traits we will have to ensure that here at Marshalls we will have to do the best we can in the interview process to get a good mesh of people. No business can handle people bickering and fighting every single day. In the event that a labor strike were to happen in the middle of my peak season it would very difficult to keep my plants supplies up. The first thing that I would need to do is find out what I have exactly on hand and figure out how long mu current inventory would last. After figuring out my current inventory I would then have to start shopping around for the next  best suppliers that have similar prices and adjust my prices accordingly. I would probably have to bring on a couple seasonal drivers so that I could utilize several different vendors for the season and keep the orders coming. Competition in this business is already fierce and I have found a niche market. If more of the same types of businesses pop up around me. The first thing I will have to do is get a hold of my suppliers and let them know that if they want me to keep ordering than they will not supply to any of the surrounding areas. This may seem harsh but they will understand since I have done business with them longer and most likely am ordering bigger quantities. After doing that I would have to scope out the competition and see if they are similarly priced to me. Slight adjustment in prices may be needed to ensure that we are the best priced place in town. This will also have to be monitored closely over time to make sure that we stay the cheapest. Laying off employees is never an easy thing to do especially when you have built a tight group like we have at Marshalls. The lingering affect can be the worst part of a large scale layoff. The most important thing that you have to do is ensure the people that do still work for you that their jobs are safe and they don’t have to worry every day about losing their jobs. After you have reassured them of that I would then offer them the ability to have a couple extra days off when needed to cut payroll and let them know that you will be able to work around their schedules better. This may seem crazy considering you just laid employees off but it’s an easy way to shed parole and give a small morale booster to the current employees. Managing a small business is not an easy thing to do. Often times it can be stressful, sad, fun and overwhelming. The monetary payouts and the feeling of success within the business can often times make the job very desirable. You will come across millions of different customers and situations over the course of your carrier, some easy and some hard but in the end all gratifying. Wilkinson, M. (2009). Small is good. Charter, 80(11), 23-25. Retrieved from Business Source Complete Database. http://www.quickmba.com/marketing/research/ Intuit, Inc. (2008, June). Intuit, Inc. SWOT Analysis. 1-10. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. http://www.inc.com/guides/201107/how-to-write-an-operational-plan-for-your-small-business.html Wooldridge, J. (2008). When outsourcing finance and business operations makes sense. Associations Now, 4(10), 16-17. Refrences: http://www.moneyinstructor.com/doc/cashbenefit.asp Dibrell, C., Davis, P., Craig, J. (2008). Fueling innovation through information technology in SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(2), 203-218. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJncFirhjPg

The Transformation of Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

The Transformation of Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh In many literary works we see significant transitions in the hero's character as the story is developed. This is also true in the Epic of Gilgamesh with its hero, Gilgamesh. In this narrative poem, we get glimpses of who Gilgamesh is and what his purposes and goals are. We see Gilgamesh act in many different ways -- as an overbearing ruler resented by his people, a courageous and strong fighter, a deflated, depressed man, and finally as a man who seems content with what he's accomplished. Through all of these transitions, we see Gilgamesh's attitude toward life change. The goals he has for his own life alter dramatically, and it is in these goals that we see Gilgamesh's transition from being a shallow, ruthless ruler to being an introspective, content man. The epic begins with the men of Uruk describing Gilgamesh as an overly aggressive ruler. "'Gilgamesh leaves no son to his father; day and night his outrageousness continues unrestrained; And he is the shepherd of Uruk, the enclosure; He is their shepherd, and yet he oppresses them. Strong, handsome, and wise. . . Gilgamesh leaves no virgin to her lover.'"(p.18, Line 23-27) The citizens respect him, but they resent his sexual and physical aggression, so they plead to the gods to alleviate some of their burden. The gods resolve to create an equal for Gilgamesh to tame him and keep him in line. This equal, Enkidu, has an immediate impact on Gilgamesh. When they first meet, both having never before met a man equal in stature, they brawl. "They grappled with each other, Snorting like bulls; They shattered the doorpost, that the wall shook."(p.32, lines 15-18)   In giving Gilgamesh a real battle, Enkidu instantly changes him; having this equal gives Gilgamesh a sense of respect for anoth er man. These two men fighting each other creates a serious mess, but they both end up without animosity toward the other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next time we see them, their friendship is concrete. "They kissed one another, And formed a friendship."(p.33, line 19-20) Gilgamesh seems to be the leader at the start of their relationship, and right away, he plans an adventure for them. "In the forest dwells the terrible Huwawa. Let us, me and thee, kill him, And let us destroy all the evil in the land."(p. 34, line 96-98) Here, Gilgamesh reveals one reason that he wants to kill Huwawa - to destroy the evil in the land.

How Do We Define Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Global clime alteration comprises alterations in long-term norms of twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours atmospheric status. Likewise long-term planetary clime alterations, in that regard are shorter status clime discrepancies. These climatically discrepancy may be comprised by cyclic or periodical interchanges attach toing, eruptions, or extra displacements in the planetary agreement. Concisely, clime follows long-term form of conditions status in a specific part. A few work forces of scientific discipline define climate the average atmospheric status for a specific portion and period of clip, by and large appropriated 30-years. It is truly a just attack form of atmospheric status for a curious country. As work forces of scientific discipline discuss clime, they are sing mean out of precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, weaving speed, phenomena such as mist, freezing, and herald violent storms, and excess measurings of the conditions status that fall out across by clip period in a primary mark. For case, later sing rain pot information, lake and unreal lake grades, and orbiter informations, work forces of scientific discipline can state whenever during a summertime, a part represented drier than ordinary status. If it stays drier across the way of several summer times, than it would expected to demo a convert in the clime. Harmonizing to Encarta dictionary fluctuation in planetal conditions status forms: A long-term alteration in worldwide conditions figures, peculiarly growings in temperature and violent storm action, looked upon an expected result of the greenhouse event.Literature ReviewIPCC ( International Panel for Climate Change ) says unequivocally that the positions of technological idea represents that universe clime is being bore upon by human actions. Human Acts of the Apostless are altering the denseness of atmospherically factors that occupy or disperse bright energy. Almost the noticed warming up across the reasoning 50 ages comprises the increase in nursery emanation densenesss. Policy-makers and the mediums, particularly in the U.S.A, Oftentimes insist that clime scientific subject represents extremely doubtful. A few clasp this for a argument versus geting unobtrusive Numberss to cut back nursery emanation. Numerous inside information virtually on clime cardinal interactions are non we ll realized, and there are plentiful cause for go oning enquiry to supply a finer foundation for recognizing clime dynamicss. ( Oreskes, 2004 ) .Climate:Harmonizing to the lexicon, clime is defined as: â€Å" The complex or by and large predominating upwind conditions of a part, as temperature, air force per unit area, humidness, precipitation, sunlight, cloud cover, and air currents, throughout the twelvemonth, averaged over a series of old ages † .Weather:Whereas, conditions can be defined as: â€Å" The province of the ambiance at a given clip and topographic point, with regard to variables such as temperature, wet, air current speed, and barometric force per unit area † .Global Heating:Harmonizing to Botkin and Kelle R ( 2007 ) , Global Warming can be defined as: â€Å" Addition in mean planetary temperature † or â€Å" Global heating is when the Earth heats up ( the temperature rises ) . It happens when nursery gases ( C dioxide, H2O vapour, azotic oxide, and methane ) trap heat and visible radiation from the Sun in the Earth ‘s ambiance, which increase s the temperature † . This contributes to the assorted environmental job and it does hold positive facets excessively. These all are discussed in later in the argument on both sides of the issues.Green House Consequence:Another natural procedure is the green house consequence. Greenhouse consequence is good every bit long as it is go oning at its moderate degree. But when the bound of Green House Effect increases, it is toxic for the human existences.Global Dimming:Mobile pinpoints in the air, discharged since the beginning of the technological revolution, think of lower sunlight contacts the orbiter aboveground. These microscopic pinpoints reflect the sunlight heat back off to distance – planetary dimming. Manufacturing units like industries and conveyance are cutting down discharges, which is amending air quality. This could cut down the worldwide darkening result, and intend planetary heating might go on faster and be more terrible.Events Of worldwide darkeningThe impacts of worldwide darkening are tragical. It has already defeated bing beings on heavy grade. The reflective back up of heat energy has converted the organic structure of H2O of northern cerebral hemisphere colder. With organic structures of H2O temperature depressing lower rainfall is rendered and the demanded step of rainfall is ran out to carry through The Sahel, northwards Africa. It is at present discovered that the composite famine ‘s of 1970s and 1980s were stimulated by the lower sum of rains down. The BBC docudrama movie reasoned out that the smoke looking from human dynamos and pipages of northern U.S.A. and Europe is responsible for the devastation of 1000000s of populate in Africa although constructing the life of more than 50 million multitudes which were hapless. It is figured that one million millions of multitudes in Asia will be impacted by the worldwide blackening. The monsoon rain of Asia supply rain to virtually one-half of the earths population. If world-wide blackening will be capable to decrease the sum of rainfalls so one-half of the humanistic disciplines ( around three billion people ) will be hungering.Positive consequence of Global DimmingThe advantageous position of worldwide darkening comprises that it compensates the forceful results of worldwide warming. It is anticipated by the planetary clime alteration examples that the temperature of land will derive by five points by the undermentioned century. The affair has soon underrated the effect of worldwide warming. The most critical mark in that discourse is the world that if thrusts are made up to look into worldwide darkening than world-wide warming will be in turn disclosed. The beams of visible radiation of Sun can be recalled upon Earth by runing the discharge from diligences but it will be directed to increasingly worldwide warming as the nursery emanations are on manus in abundance in the air. To unclutter up on the instance let us reexamine the case of Europe in 2003. Europe drives to do clean the ambiance from pollutants without bearing in head the overweening measure of nursery emanations. As an result, the sum of harmful pinpoints came down where the figure of nursery emanations stayed indistinguishable. It without uncertainty reduced the strength of feminine in Sahel by turning the figure of rainfalls but it besides produced the awful heat energy axial rotation in 2003 that shot down 1000s of multitudes in Portugal and France and affected the celibate with a figure of extra events. Small nomadic molecules ( aerosols ) from natural roots, such as blowholes, wildfires, dust, sea-salt sprayer and desert littorals every bit good hold a chilling system consequence on the planet so deducing the affect of wholly all instances of aerosols on the clime is important.Argument on clime alterationThere are fundamentally two types of positions when it comes to the grounds of the planetary heating. The first position is that planetary heating is happening of course and has nil to make with human ingestion and activities. Whereas, the 2nd position is that Human activity causes planetary heating. Largely, groundss are on the side that human activity causes planetary heating. As, NASA says in the universe book that most of the scientists who are climatologists, they believe that human activity causes planetary heating. The anthropogenetic activity causes planetary warming in such a manner that the increased usage of fossil fuels and deforestation leads to the increased green hou se consequence which finally leads to the planetary heating, The combustion of fossil fuels create C dioxide which is a green house gas. This C dioxide so goes into the ambiance and lead to the green house consequence. In the same manner, glade of trees from land besides leads to the accretion of C dioxide in the ambiance and contributes to planetary heating. The other position provinces that addition in the sum of green house gases is non that massive that it leads to planetary heating. This procedure has occurred of course as the sum of heat emitted by Sun is increased. This natural phenomenon can be the ground of planetary heating, the scientists against this construct says that increased in the radiation of Sun has lead to the recent warming non planetary heating. Furthermore, in the clime argument of â€Å" what ‘s warming us up? Human Activity or Mother Nature † on scientific discipline day-to-day intelligence, there are no protagonists of merely one side, instead bulk in the Inter-governmental International Panel on Climate Change IPCC and Non-governmental International Panel on Climate Change ( NIPCC ) are the protagonists of both scenarios. They say that human ingestion and natural warming both wholly are the grounds of the planetary heating and non merely one alone can be the ground of planetary heating. The argument can be farther categorized by the information in favour of clime alteration and against the clime alteration.Information in favour of clime alterationA Paper was issued by United Nations in february that grounds out that worldwide warming is traveling on and will transport on since 100s. The article likewise expressed with big certain thing that the human activities has followed the basic ground of accelerative temperatures during the past old ages, on those coatings and the findings of other work forces of scientific discipline that worldwide warming up is present and will transport on into the predictable clip to come. ( Rosenberg, 2010 ) . A more distinguished works life development and gentler clime is assumed by scientists in Arctic, Antarctic, Siberia, and extra glacial parts of universe as a effect of planetary clime alteration. It is similarly pretended that the undermentioned glacial period perchance be kept from taking topographic point. Climate convert succeeds energy outgo to a lesser extent to warm up cold points. Cold conditions status makes less deceasing or injuries when equated to ramping atmospheric status. Warm conditions conditions consequences in enhanced agrarian output in some localised parts. Hot conditions bring in mountains gain in height because of runing down glaciers, traveling more high as they bounce versus the dropping weight of the ice. Global clime alteration sets an terminal to Boundary challenges between provinces across lowland islands. ( Rosenberg, 2010 ) . Numerous multitudes think that human-caused discharges of nursery emanation will direct to more high-pitched temperatures and exaggerated precipitation during the 21st 100. Likewise, it is conceived that these displacements might bear an invasion on economical public assistance. Newly geographic expedition or findings cast off current visible radiation with unitary important position. It is seen that changes in temperatures and precipitation prefigure by the acceptable forms of planetary clime alteration will in world do good to agribusiness in U.S.A.. They discover that the drawn-out developing times of twelvemonth and contributed precipitation entailed by the virtually quoted world-wide clime interchange will be given to step-up agriculture end products and thereby raise the favorableness of agribusiness. The forms of planetary clime alteration anticipate that, ordinary temperatures will originate from about 50F and precipitation will eventually average out around eight inches much yearly. Using these prediction, aggregated with the effects of agone hesitations in temperature and precipitation, it is reasoned out that farming productivity in the United States is in all chance to go up slightly around 4 per centum referable to climate alteration, bring forthing profitable net incomes. ( Benjamin, 2007 ) . A Modern examines by Spiegel searches the favourable chances of worldwide warming. Following are a few inside informations which will bear informant that worldwide warming will do northwards intellectual hemisphere more light-green: The effect of age long study by work forces of scientific discipline discovers the world that the flora in northern cerebral hemisphere gets expanded 8 to 12 per centum over in the North America and Eurasia. This demonstrates that at the continent-wide ordered series, atmospherical C dioxide, temperature, and precipitation reply for for 49 % , 31 % , and 13 % of the growing ingrowing clip of twelvemonth. Brought up dumbness of C dioxide heightens fertilisation consequence, that will work wonders upon workss that employ wholly three of the taking bio chemic piece of lands of photosynthesis The productivity of herbs can be supercharged about a 3rd in reaction to a 300ppm growing in the air ‘s C dioxide substance. Contrarily, ligneous works will exhibit an add-on in development of 50 % . A study carried by National Aeronautics and Space Administration scientists on equatorial forests in Africa, Asia, and the Amazon exposed that the new displacements in atmospherical C dioxide and clime advanced planetal gross. Worldwide warming up ballads out with opportunities and takes exclusion.Information Against Climate ChangeClimate alteration leads to defy Ocean circulation which causes unidentified results on universe clime. Greater low-lying caputs to overruning of low-lying evidences and devastations and disease from downpour and riddance takes topographic point. Deserts acquire dry go forthing to increased desertification. Transportations to farming end product that can head to alimentary deficits. Climate alteration causes H2O supply dearths in already water-scarce countries Famishment, malnutrition, and enhanced deceasing ascribable to alimentary and harvest shortages. More utmost conditions and an increased frequence of terrible and ruinous storms is the result of such a planetary alteration. It leads to raised disease in human existences and other life animals. Enhanced deaths from heating moving ridges are caused. Extinction of more species o f animals and works life. Want of animate being and works life place evidences are good seen. More frequent exile of those from lower lands move to more flush to seek better or non-deadly fortunes. It requires a auxiliary exercising of energy resourcefulness for temperature decrease. Raised air taint is one of its effects.Expanded allergic reaction and bronchial asthma gaits ascribable to earliest blossoming. Dissolving of permafrost foliages to desolation of societal construction, landslides, and axial rotations down have become a day-to-day portion of Earth ‘s change. It induces enduring want of glaciers. Increased sourness in rainfall to great extents which have truly worst effects on environment. Destruction of woods leads to heighten forest Burnss in sizing and impregnation. ( Rosenberg, 2010 ) . Climate alteration addresses the diffuse of disease. As northern countries warm up, disease keeping worms transmigrate north, presenting harass and disease with them. So a few work forces of scientific discipline conceive that it is because of worldwide warming that malaria has n't eliminated. Warm clime gets heater organic structures of H2O and legion hurricanes for the temperature of seas comes up, hence will the opportunity of more regular hurricanes gets increased. This leads to spread out chance and volume of drouths and heat flourishes and some part s will endure serious drouths and heat moving ridges. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, worldwide warming will decline the footings and forced wars between parts. Worldly issues of the results of anthropogenetic planetary heating wo n't be good. Hurricanes tend to pass one million millions of dollars in equipment casualty, diseases cost gross to procedure and laterality and conflicts worsen wholly the who le. ( Simmons, 2010 ) . â€Å" The evidences for a warming orbiter is supported by lessons of prevailing eruptions in a part called the Siberian Traps. While the orbiter warmed up, heavy measures of glacial methane gas below the sea might hold been discharged to trip off flight greenhouse warming † , Ward said. Ward said. â€Å" It got hotter and hotter until it reached a critical point and everything died, † . â€Å" It was a double-whammy of heater temperatures and low O, and most life could n't cover with it † . † More than 90 per centum of all species were wiped out † . ( Brit, 2005 ) .Discussion And DecisionSo we have seen assorted facets of planetary clime alteration both in favour and against it. These are backed up by surveies of different people and scientists. In my position the disadvantages or drawbacks of planetary clime alteration are more of worth to detect the environmental effects so does the advantages of such alteration. Several points have been mentioned by Rosinberg, Simmons and Brit like diseases, inundations, starvations, sick nutriments, ozone depletion and deceases of life animals, which I think are more of import in a large image of environmental alterations which tend to harm the environment at most. Hence I will reason my research study as planetary heating or planetary clime alteration have inauspicious effects on the nature and life beings. The jobs are more in figure and at extremes than the advantages of planetary clime alteration.

Gattaca and George Orwell’s Novel 1984 Essay

The film Gattaca and George Orwell’s novel 1984 book share dystopian aspects. Both Gattaca and 1984 use propaganda to control the citizens in the society information modification and only certain information’s been provided also persuades the population to agree with the higher-ups. Citizens in Gattaca and 1984 live in a dehumanized state. In both Gattaca and 1984 propaganda is used to control citizens of society. In Gattaca DNA modification in babies is the norm. Some children in Gattaca are born with the normal way these children are discriminated against leaving them to miss opportunities. Even though these non-modified being can still function and thrive propaganda and large corporations only accept the DNA modified the humans. In 1984 propaganda controls society they have the daily two-minute hate which brainwashes the people into believing what the brother believes. The Ministry of truth modifies history and all documents which isn’t so much propaganda but it does control how people think giving a false perception of Utopia. Information and independent thought is restricted in Gattaca in 1984 but more so in 1984. In Gattaca information about each person is stored within the DNA and the segregated because of this. They cannot get certain jobs and do not have freedom to create babies. In 1984 jobs were signed restricting freedom. It’s history and everyday information is modified in the best interest of the party. Certain rights have been restricted. It is against the rules to have sex, use profanity and other norms in our society. In Gattaca and 1984 citizens live in a dehumanized state. In Gattaca if you do not have your DNA modified will most likely be discriminated against constant DNA test to identify yourself are mandatory limiting people’s freedom. In 1984 uniforms are mandatory if you wish to you will be eliminated and all aspects of human history will be erased. Gattaca and 1984 may seem to be utopias but in reality. Dystopias certain unalienable rights that we know today are eliminated discrimination for things as much as having a heart problem our reality and information is changed for the benefit of looking good. The society they may appear to be utopias are in reality not depends what you’re looking from.

Free Essays on Significance Of Nature In The World

A strong connection to nature brings physical health, mental creativity spiritual fulfillment and personal growth without the corruption of the material possessions that society offers. Somewhere along the way, humanity lost focus and started to build things while disregarding nature. Humanity got busy, and we marveled at our ability to create. People lost what is really important in life, and that is nature. Thoreau’s stance on nature was astonishing and self righteous. Nature was a big part of his life. It was his main journey that he continued to take everyday of his life. He considered it to be healthy, enjoyable and relaxing. He writes â€Å"A man’s health requires many acres of meadow to his prospect as a farm does loads of muck† He believes that being surrounded by the wilderness refreshes his soul. Society can be so chaotic and it ruins nature’s beauty. When he walks around the woods he clears his head from society’s duties and becomes one with nature; he can be his true self. Thoreau’s biggest opinion was to keep society where it is, and as far away and separate from the woods. Industries were expanding and science and technology were growing and that pleased him to a certain extent but he didn’t feel that minimizing the wilderness was beneficial. He writes â€Å"Man and his affair’s, church and state and school, trad e and commerce and manufactures and agriculture, even politics, the most alarming of them all, - I am pleased to see how little space they occupy in the landscape†.( pg 184) He considered the woods to be his home. He felt comfortable there and the cold and solitude became his friends, to him nothing was more important than taking time to walk along in the woods. He writes â€Å"Life consists with wilderness. The most alive is the wildest. Net yet subdued by man, its presence refreshes him. Thoreau believed that a person could find the spirit of nature in his own backyard and wilderness was ... Free Essays on Significance Of Nature In The World Free Essays on Significance Of Nature In The World A strong connection to nature brings physical health, mental creativity spiritual fulfillment and personal growth without the corruption of the material possessions that society offers. Somewhere along the way, humanity lost focus and started to build things while disregarding nature. Humanity got busy, and we marveled at our ability to create. People lost what is really important in life, and that is nature. Thoreau’s stance on nature was astonishing and self righteous. Nature was a big part of his life. It was his main journey that he continued to take everyday of his life. He considered it to be healthy, enjoyable and relaxing. He writes â€Å"A man’s health requires many acres of meadow to his prospect as a farm does loads of muck† He believes that being surrounded by the wilderness refreshes his soul. Society can be so chaotic and it ruins nature’s beauty. When he walks around the woods he clears his head from society’s duties and becomes one with nature; he can be his true self. Thoreau’s biggest opinion was to keep society where it is, and as far away and separate from the woods. Industries were expanding and science and technology were growing and that pleased him to a certain extent but he didn’t feel that minimizing the wilderness was beneficial. He writes â€Å"Man and his affair’s, church and state and school, trad e and commerce and manufactures and agriculture, even politics, the most alarming of them all, - I am pleased to see how little space they occupy in the landscape†.( pg 184) He considered the woods to be his home. He felt comfortable there and the cold and solitude became his friends, to him nothing was more important than taking time to walk along in the woods. He writes â€Å"Life consists with wilderness. The most alive is the wildest. Net yet subdued by man, its presence refreshes him. Thoreau believed that a person could find the spirit of nature in his own backyard and wilderness was ...

History of Electric Christmas Lights

History of Electric Christmas Lights Like so many things electrical, the history of electric Christmas lights begins with Thomas Edison. During the Christmas season of 1880, Edison, who had invented the incandescent bulb the previous year, hung strings of electric lights outside his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. An article in the New York Times  on December 21, 1880, described a visit by officials from the New York City government to Edisons laboratory in Menlo Park. The walk from the train station to Edisons building was lined with electric lamps was illuminated with 290 light bulbs which cast a soft and mellow light on all sides. Did You Know? The first use of electric Christmas lighting was by Thomas Edison in 1880.The first illuminated Christmas tree was shown off by one of Edisons employees to reporters who visited his Manhattan house in 1882.Electric lights were very costly at first and required the services of a trained electrician.When the cost of electric lights became affordable, their use quickly spread as they were much safer than candles. It doesnt appear from the article that Edison intended the lights to be associated with Christmas. But he was hosting a holiday dinner for the delegation from New York, and the novel lighting seemed to fit in with the holiday mood. Up to that time, it was common to illuminate Christmas trees with small candles, which could, of course, be dangerous. In 1882, an employee of Edison put on a show with electric lights that was fully intended to establish the practical application of electricity to the celebration of Christmas. Edward H. Johnson, a close friend of Edison and the president of the company Edison formed to provide illumination in New York City, used electric lights for the first time to illuminate a Christmas tree. The First Electric Christmas Tree Lights Johnson rigged up a Christmas tree with electrical lights, and, in typical style for the Edison companies, he solicited coverage in the press. An 1882 dispatch in the Detroit Post and Tribune about a visit to Johnson’s house in New York City may have been the first news coverage of electric Christmas lights. A month later, a magazine of the time, Electrical World, also reported on Johnson’s tree. Their item called it â€Å"the handsomest Christmas tree in the United States.† Two years later, the New York Times sent a reporter to Johnson’s house on the East Side of Manhattan, and an astoundingly detailed story appeared in the edition of December 27, 1884. Headlined, A Brilliant Christmas Tree: How an Electrician Amused His Children, the article began: A pretty as well as novel Christmas tree was shown to a few friends by Mr. E.H. Johnson, President of the Edison Company for Electric Lighting, last evening in his residence, No. 136 East Thirty-sixth Street. The tree was lighted by electricity, and children never beheld a brighter tree or one more highly colored than the children of Mr. Johnson when the current was turned and the tree began to revolve. Mr. Johnson has been experimenting with house lighting by electricity for some time past, and he determined that his children should have a novel Christmas tree. It stood about six feet high, in an upper room, last evening, and dazzled persons entering the room. There were 120 lights on the tree, with globes of different colors, while the light tinsel work and usual adornment of Christmas trees appeared to their best advantage in illuminating the tree. An Edison Dynamo Rotated the Tree Johnson’s tree, as the article went on to explain, was quite elaborate, and it rotated thanks to his clever use of Edison dynamos: Mr. Johnson had placed a little Edison dynamo at the foot of the tree, which by passing a current through from the large dynamo in the cellar of the house, converted it into a motor. By means of this motor, the tree was made to revolve with a steady, regular motion. The lights were divided into six sets, one set of which was lighted at a time in front as the tree went round. By a simple devise of breaking and making connection through copper bands around the tree with corresponding buttons, the sets of lights were turned out and on at regular intervals as the tree turned around. The first combination was of pure white light, then, as the revolving tree severed the connection of the current that supplied it and made connection with a second set, red and white lights appeared. Then came yellow and white and other colors. Even combinations of the colors were made. By dividing the current from the large dynamo Mr. Johnson could stop the motion of the tree without putting out the lights. The New York Times provided two more paragraphs containing even more technical detail about the Johnson familys astounding Christmas tree. Reading the article more than 120 years later, it’s obvious that the reporter considered the electric Christmas lights to be a serious invention. The First Electric Christmas Lights Were Costly While Johnson’s tree was considered a marvel, and Edison’s company tried to market electric Christmas lights, they did not become immediately popular. The cost of the lights and the services of an electrician to install them was out of the reach of the general public. However, wealthy people would hold Christmas tree parties to show off electric lighting. Grover Cleveland reportedly ordered a White House Christmas tree that was lit with Edison bulbs in 1895. (The first White House Christmas tree belonged to Benjamin Harrison, in 1889, and was lit by candles.) The use of small candles, despite their inherent danger, remained the popular method of illuminating household Christmas trees until well into the 20th century. Electric Christmas Tree Lights Made Safe A popular legend is that a teenager named Albert Sadacca, after reading about a tragic New York City fire in 1917 caused by candles lighting a Christmas tree, urged his family, which was in the novelty business, to begin manufacturing affordable strings of lights. The Sadacca family tried marketing electric Christmas lights but sales were slow at first. As people became more attuned to household electricity, strings of electric bulbs became increasing common on Christmas trees. Albert Sadacca, incidentally, became the head of a lighting company worth millions of dollars. Other companies, including most notably General Electric, entered the Christmas light business, and by the 1930s electric Christmas lights had become a standard part of holiday decorating. Early in the 20th century the tradition began of having public tree lighting. One of the most famous, the lighting of the National Christmas Tree in Washington, D.C., began in 1923. A tree, place on the ellipse, at the southern end of the White House grounds, was first illuminated on December 24, 1923 by President Calvin Coolidge. A newspaper report the following day described the scene: As the sun sank below the Potomac the President touched a button which lighted up the nations Christmas tree. The giant fir from his native Vermont instantly blazed with myriad electrics which shone through tinsels and reds, while those who surrounded this community tree, children and grown-ups, cheered and sang. The crowds on foot were augmented by thousands who came in motor cars, and to the music of the singers was added the discord of horns. For hours the people thronged to the ellipse, which was dark except in the spot where the tree stood, its brilliancy heightened by a searchlight which shed its rays from the Washington Monument overlooking it. Another prominent tree lighting, at Rockefeller Center in New York City, began modestly in 1931 when construction workers decorated a tree. When the office complex officially opened two years later, the tree lighting became an official event. In the modern era the Rockefeller Center tree lighting has become a yearly event carried live on national television.

Abstract for technical report about biofules in aviation Essay

Abstract for technical report about biofules in aviation - Essay Example These emissions are relatively high and cause pollution that affects both the society and the technical growth in the aviation industry. This includes the destruction of the O-zone layer and clogging of the environment (Kemp, 2006). The objectives are achieved through the use of bio-fuels to reduce pollution to the environment and reduce the costs of running the aviation industry. The methods used in the research included both primary and secondary data collection methods where the necessary data was gathered, recorded and analyzed. The use of bio-fuels help in reduction of carbon IV oxide and other greenhouse gases discharged for the period of its use. This minimizes pollution to the environment. Furthermore, it reduces the costs of running freights in the aviation industry due to its cheaper production process as compared to fossil fuels (Kemp, 2006). The subject of usage of bio-fuels in the aviation industry is a vital matter to everyone on the planet. Basically, it involves saving the environment from the gaseous hazards while reducing costs of running the industry by producing a cheaper source of energy for the

Lightinthebox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lightinthebox - Essay Example However, prior to placing orders, it is important for customers to thoroughly review the store’s return policies. The products that this online shopping centre deals in include women’s clothing, dresses, electronics, and shoes among other product categories that may interest customers. Online shopping mainly denotes purchasing products or other services via the internet. This type of shopping is now popular across the globe as a result of advancement in the use of ICT, it is considered to be convenient and also attract lower prices. This is more so during the holiday season where shoppers are able to avoid the hectic process of visiting several stores physically or standing in long queues in order to purchase a certain item (.Jifeng, Sulin & Han 2012, p.1131). This paper provides a critical discussion of the business of Lightinthebox.com, an online shopping store. This online shopping store mainly sells goods produced in China to other parts of the world. The products that this online store retail are considered to be affordable and targets every hobby or lifestyle by customers across the globe. At the moment, the products that the store retails include home improvement, fashion, beauty products and electronics among other products that are on high demand globally. Lightinthebox.com provides customers with an easy way of shopping; thus, allowing customers to cut on unnecessary costs for purchasing a product in the conventional stores. The store has different payment options that provide convenience to customers across the world. This includes the use of credit cards, wire transfers, PayPal or debit cards to make payment (Panda & Narayan 2013, p.52). As a strategy the availability of a wide range of payment options is meant to allow customers to select the method that they prefer. Further, the online store relies on a technology offers maximum security for customer information related to payment